Exam 3 Saunders Immune Flashcards by megan kaiser

immunity received passively from the mother’s antibodies, animal serum, or antibodies produced in response to disease.

acquired immunity-immunizations produce active acquired immunity

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an abnormal, individual response to certain substances that normally do not trigger such an exaggerated reaction

allergy

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a delayed response against slowly developing bacterial infections

cellular response or delayed hypersensitivity

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an immediate response that provides protection against acute, rapidly developing bacterial and viral infections

humoral response

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the absence of inadequate production of immune bodies

immunodeficieny

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immunity present at birth, and is the first-line defence against pathogens

innate or natural immunity

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skin lesions that occur in individuals with a compromised immune system

Kaposi’s sarcoma

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an infection acquired from a tick bite.

Lyme disease

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this type of response is active against slowly developing bacterial infections and is involved in autoimmune responses, some allergic reactions, and rejection of foreign cells

cellular response, aka delayed hypersensitivity

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includes biochemical, physical, and mechanical barriers of defense as well as the inflammatory response

innate or natural immunity

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a blood test used for the differential diagnosis of rheumatic diseases and for the detection of anti-nucleoprotein factors and patterns associated with certain autoimmune diseases

ANA titer, positive titer of 1:20 or 1:40 depending on the lab
**a positive result does not necessarily confirm a disease
typically positive in SLE, scleroderma, and RA

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Skin testing nursing considerations

DC systemic corticosteriods or anti histamines 5 days before skin test
look at skin after 30 mins for results
HAVE RESUSCITATION EQUIPMENT AVAILABLE IF SKIN TESTING IS PERFORMED BC THE ALLERGEN MAY INDUCE AN ANAPHYLACTIC RXN

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type 1 hypersensitivity

IgE: histamine and leukotriene release

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type II hypersensitivity (Cytotoxic)

IgG, IgM, complement

ABO Incompatibility, drug-induced hemolytic anemia

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Type III hypersensitivity: Immune Complex

Antigen-antibody complexes
arthus reaction
serum sickness
sle
acute glomerulonephritis

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Type IV: cell mediated, delayed hypersensitivity

sensitized T cells by Lymphokine release
TB
Contact dermatitis
transplant rejection

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Nursing actions in Anaphylaxis

airway
HCP or rapid response team
administer oxygen
start IV line and infuse NS
benedryl and EPI
document
Raise HOB if BP is normal, raise LE if BP is low

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SLE

autoimmune disease that can cause all major organs and systems to fail.

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How do you confirm Kaposi’s sarcoma

Positive punch biopsy on cutaneous lesions

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A hospitalized patient taking Rocephin develops diarrhea. What do you do?

Rocephin may cause pseudomembranous colitis, call HCP. somes contact precautions are necessary for antibiotic assoc diarrhea

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Pentamidine for Pneumocystis jiroveci

fever may indicate another infection caused by leukopenic effects of the medication (leukopenia, thromobocytpenia, and anemia)

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Name a med toxic to pancreas

Didanosine (Videx), Stavudine (peripheral neuropathy too)

ototoxicity
confusion, disorientation
renal toxicity
GI irritation
palpitations, BP changes
hypersensitivity rxns

aminoglycosides:

amikin, gentamicin

GI disturbances, pseudomembranous colitis, HA, dizziness, lethargy, paresthesias, Nephrotoxicity, superinfections

Cephalosporins

Omnicef, Ancef, Rocephin

HA, dizzines, insomnia, depression GI effects Bone marrow depression fever, rash, photosensitivity

Fluoroquinolones | Cipro

GI effects hepatotoxicity nephrotoxicity Bone marrow depression derm effects: photosensitivity and hypersensitivity HA, dizziness, vertigo, ataxia, depression, seizures

sulfa

ganciclovir

monitor for hypoglycemia and implement bleeding precautions due to neutropenia and thrombocytopenia

fever, hypertension, and graft tenderness

acute graft rejection

Zidovudine

monitor CBC for agranulocytopenia and anemia

Lyme Disease

Stage I rash (oral antibiotic therapy) Stage II cardiac conduction deficits, bells palsy and paralysis (IV penecillin G) Stage III arthralgias and joint enlargement

A blood test is available to detect ________, however, it is not a reliable test if performed before 4-6 weeks after the tick bite. Antibody formation takes place in the following manner: IgM is detected 3-4 weeks after disease onset, peaks at 6-8 weeks, then gradually disappears. IgG is detected 2-3 months after infection and may remain elevated for years

Lyme disease

A client tests positive for the ELISA test. Now what?

western blot test-if that is positive, then HIV +

first sign of PO. jiroveci

cough (nonproductive-productive) | later signs = fever, dyspnea on exertion, and dyspnea at rest

what do B cells do?

make antibodies

three phases of specific immune response

recognition phase, activation phase, and effector phase

what do basophils do?

hypersensitivity rxns

What do eosinophils do?

attack parasites

what do neutrophils do?

attack bacteria

what do dendritic cells do?

perform the same antigen-presenting task as macrophages

what does interferon do?

interferon is produced by several types of cells and is effective against a wide variety of viruses. It works on the host cells to induce protection and differs from an antibody, which inactivates viruses found outside the cells.

what is the major serum antibody?

IGG constitutes about 70% of the total circulating antibodies. It is antiviral, antibacteria, and effective against toxins.

Which antibody is produced in response to antigen?

IgM

Where are Kupffer cells?

The liver contains a large number of macrophages called Kupffer cells which help filter blood by phagocytizing microorganisms and other foreign particles passing through the liver.

what are Peyer patches?

Lymphoid nodules located in the small intestine where T cells congregate. These are important to the secondary immune response although they play a role in the primary immune response as well. They may enlarge when activated

What is the role of neutrophils in the inflammatory response?

neutrophils appear in the area of injury within 30-60 mins. Their primary purpose is to phagocytize any potentially harmful agents

What does the PA tst assess for?

presence of unusual antibodies of the IgG and IgM type

what does a CDC reveal in SLE?

pancytopenia (a decrease in all cell types)

How do you confirm cryptosporidiosis?

The client with cryptosporidiosis will present with signs and symptoms of watery diarrhea, flatus, abdominal distention, pain, and fever. Diagnostic tests include a stool culture with a bowel biopsy. The other options are incorrect.

ESR

The ESR can confirm the presence of inflammation or infection in the body. It is particularly useful for the management of connective tissue disease because the rate measured directly correlates with the degree of inflammation and later with the severity of the disease.

NORMAL ESR

0-30 mm/hr

MILD inflammation ESR

30-40 mm/hr

moderate inflammation ESR

40-70mm/hr

severe inflammation ESR

70-150 mm/hr