SAS/Review Flashcards
What do pathologist look at when they are grading a lymphoma?
What do they look at for staging?
-
Grading
- Look at the cell morphology
- Cell size, atypia, mitosis
-
Staging
- Bone marrow biopsy
- Look at tumor and clinical features
How long does it take for Warfarin to have an anticoagulant effect?
At least 5 days (may be longer)
Warfarin affects the synthesis of clotting factors, so need to wait for existing ones to die off before there is an effect
What is the difference between a proto-ocogene and an oncogene?
-
Proto-oncogene
- A gene that promotes normal cell growth, that is under regulatory control
-
Oncogene
- Promotes cell growth in cancer cells - NOT under regulatory control
- Proto-oncogenes that lose their regulation (ex: by being translocated to a different spot) become oncogenes
A patient with 3 months of fatigue, fever, night sweats, and painless cervical lymphadenopathy has her lymph node biopsied.
What is the histological finding and cell of origin indicated by the arrow?
Reed-Sternberg cell
Cell of origin = B cell
Seen in Hodgkin Lymphoma
List 2 things that caues hepcidin levels to increase
List 1 thing that causes hepcidin levels to decrease
Increases with infection, inflammation
Decreases with iron deficiency
Hepcidin decreases iron absorption from the gut
What is the next diagnostic step for any abnormal finding on breast imaging (mammogram)?
Biopsy
Even if no other concerns for malignancy, need to biopsy
What kind of cell is this?
Neutrophil
But abnromal because too many lobes
List 2 things that increase a patient’s risk of delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction
- Previous pregnancies
- Previous blood transfusion
Basically, exposure to another person’s blood (even if the same type)
What cell has the following immunohistochemical markers?
CD3+
CD45+
T cell
Which type of cancer is most strongly associated with environmental exposures like aniline dyes?
Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
Vs. squamous cell, which is more associated with inflammation
How will hemolysis affect reticulocyte count?
Hemolysis will increase reticulocyte count
- The body will try to make more cells to replace the ones that are dying -> increased reticulocytes*
- If reticulocyte count is inappropriately low, indicates there is a problem with erythropoiesis*
- Will be low in aplastic anemia, megaloblastic anemia, iron deficiency, ALL*
List 4 conditions that would result in schistocyte formation
DIC
TTP
Cardiac valve dysfunction
HELLP
- All have microangiopathic hemolytic anemia -> schistocytes*
- Note: autoimmune hemolytic anemia -> spherocytes*
What are the symptoms of SVC syndrome?
- Facial plethora
- Dilated collateral veins along the chest
- Extremity edema
- Headaches due to vascular congestion
Which hematologic malignancy has the best prognosis?
Childhood ALL
Which malignancy is associated with HTLV1?
Adult T-lymphocyte leukemia
Which subdividion of AML is the most curable?
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
Which translocation results in expression of BCL2?
Which hematologic malignancy is this associated with?
t(14;18)
Follicular lymphoma
Overexpression of BCL-2 = resistance to apoptosis in germinal centers
List the 3 stages (and their characteristics) of the natural history of CML
-
Chronic phase
- Leukocytosis
- Left shift
- Basophilia
-
Accelerated phase
- Progressive splenomegaly
- Basophilia
- Thromobcytosis/thrombocytopenia
- More blasts
-
Blast phase
- Acute leukemia (myeloid, lymphoid, or bi-phenotpyic)
The platelet glycoprotein 1b receptor binds to…
Von Willebrand Factor
Describe the general treatment approach for a patient with stage III (muscle invasive) gastric cancer
-
Neoadjuvant chemo
- Goal is to downstage the tumor
- Surgical resection
-
Adjuvant chemo if any lymph nodes are involved
- Goal is to serilize the surgical field, decrease local recurrence
Note: in this scenario, radiation can be given after surgery WITH chemo, if pt did not have chemo before; radiation is only used alone for palliative sx control
What is the reversal agent for heparin?
Protamine sulfate
Also works for unfractionated heparin
What are the two malignancies associated with this histological finding?
(Just the picture)
Which one is most likely, given that schistocytes are present?
Auer Rods
-
Acute mylogenous leukemia
- Especially Acute promylocytic leukemia - most likely dx with schistocytes
- APL is a subtype of AML
- Chronic mylogenous leukemia (sometimes)
Auer rods are only seein in cells of myloid origin, and they are always malignant
What labs will help you distinguish between a clotting factor deficiency vs. inhibitor?
Mixing study
Mix pt blood with normal plasma
- If PT/PTT improves, pt is deficient
- If PT/PTT do not improve, pt has an inhibitor
- The inhibitor/antibody/whatever in the pts blood binds to the normal factors in the plasma, thus inactivating them
What is the appropriate managment for a patient with hemochromatosis who also has low hemoglobin?
Iron chelator
If normal hemoglobin, do phlebotomy
How does hepcidin affect iron metabolism…
- In the gut?
- In the body?
Hepcidin…
- Decreases iron absorption from the gut
- Slows iron transport out of hepatocytes and macrophages
More hepcidin = less usable iron
What hematopologic malignancy is associated with the following immunohistochemical markers?
CD19+
TdT+
B-Cell Lymphoid Leukeimia (B-ALL)
What treatment should you give for a patient wtih a Factor VIII inhibitor who is actively bleeding?
Activated prothrombin complex concentration
- Bypasses need for other clotting factors*
- Plasmapheresis or clotting factor concentrates won’t work bc the inhibitor will inactivate them*
What is the disease-defining translocation of acute promyelocytic leukemia?
t(15;17)
How do anti-PD-1 antibodies work to treat cancer?
If a tumor expresses PDL-1, it can bind to PD-1 (the receptor) on a T-cells, thus inactivating the T cell
- An anti-PDL-1 antibody will bind to PD-L1, preventing it from binding to its receptor on the T cell
- This allows the T-cell to become activated against the tumor cell
- Signal to activate the T cell: MCH on tumor binds T-cell receptor AND tumor B7 binds CD23*
- Note: CTLA-4 can get in the way of co-stimulation, so blocking this -> even more T cell activation*
Which virus is associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
Ebstein Barr Virus
EBV also associated with: Burkitt’s Lymphoma, lymphoproliferative disese in post-transplant setting
Describe the presentation of acute promyelocytic leukemia
- Young patinet
- Low blood counts
- Bleeding/bruising (could be intracranial bleed)
- DIC
- Elevated D-dimer, PT, PTT
- t(15;17) translocation is diagnostic*
- Treat emergently with all-trans retinoid acid (don’t wait for cytology)*