SAS/Review Flashcards
Which antibiotic is associated with pumonary fibrosis?
Nitrofurantoin

What is the treatment for endometrial hyperplasia?
Progesterone therapy or hysterectomy
(Sometimes do progesterone now, plan hysterectomy for later if pt wants to have more children)

B - rule out other sources of hyperandrogenism
Most likely PCOS, but cannot say definitively until other causes (tumor, CAH, Cushing) are ruled out
List the estrogenic (4) and anti-estrogenic (2) effects of tamoxifen
-
Estrogenic
- Venous thrombosis :(
- Endometrium: polyps, hyperplasia, risk of cancer :(
- Maintains bone density :)
- Maintains vaginal mucosa :)
-
Anti-estrogenic
- Breast :) - fights cancer!
- Hot flashes :(
List 2 nerves that innervate levator ani
Pudendal nerve (inferior rectal branch)
Nerve to the levator ani
Nerve to the levator ani is also from the anterior branches of S2, S3, S4, but not the same as the pudendal
Which kidney stones are diamond-shaped?
Calcium oxalate

What is the most malignant tumor involving the spermatic cord?
Liposarcoma
Describe the management of placenta previa
- Pelvic rest
- Expectant management
- Give antenatal steroids if <34 weeks
- Planned C-section at 37 weeks

What is the function of prostate-specific antigen?
Liquifies semen
(And also used as a marker for prostate cancer)
In a patient with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, what would you expect the results to be from:
- Prostestin challenge:
- Estrogen + progestin challenge:
- Prostestin challenge: No bleeding (negative)
- Implies either outflow obstruction OR low estrogen
- Estrogen + progestin challenge: Bleeding (positive)
- Implies low estrogen; cause of amenorrhea is central
- Functional hypothalamic amenorreha = suppresed GnRH -> no LH/FSH -> no estrogen or progesterone*
- NOTE: GnRH levels cannot be measured in the blood*
Which nerve is responsible for emission?
Which one is responsible for ejaculation (aka expulsion)?
(How are these two entities different?
Emission: Lumbar sympathetic nerves
Ejaculation (expulsion): Pudendal nerve (somatic)
- Emission gets semen to the posterior urethra*
- Ejaculation gets it out into the world*
What kind of renal cancer is associated with hereditary leiomyomatosis renal cell cancer?
What is the causative gene?
Papillary RCC type 2 or collecting duct carcinoma
FH

List 3 features of koliocytes
- Large cells
- Large, crinkled, possibly binucleated nuclei (raisin-like)
- Perinuclear clear halo

Which of the following is a contraindication to medical abortion?
- Inadequate cervical cancer screening
- Long term OCP use
- IUD in place
- Liver disease
c. IUD in place

Which imaging study is most useful for diagnosing hydronephrosis?
Ultrasound
CT is pretty good, but, not the best for imaging things with a large cavity in the middle
A patient on a combined OCP is experiencing nausea and breast tenderness.
Which hormone is most likely responsible for these effects?
How would you modify her OCP to mitigate these effects?
Estrogen
Switch to a combined OCP with a lower dose of estrogen
What is the usual natural history of mild cervical dysplasia due to HPV infection?
Usually, the dysplasia will regress and resolve
- Can progress - slow growing
- More likely to progress in immunocompromised individuals
Which hormone can be measured (and when) to predict ovulatioN?
Serum progesterone on day 21 and 27
More reliable than temperature charting
MOA: Finasteride
5-alpha-reductase inhibitor
Acts as an anti-androgen by preventing the conversion of testosterone to the more potent DHT
Anti-androgen therapy helpful in the treatment of BPH
6 weeks after surgical removal of a cancerous prostate lesion, a patient’s PSA is elevated (>0.1 ng/mL)
What is the best adjuvant approach?
Combined androgen ablation + radiation
What is the female homolog of the male prostate?
Where is it located?
Skene gland
Around the opening of the urethra
(In the vestibule, anterior to the opening of the vagina)

Where would a Gartner’s duct cyst be located?
What cause this cyst?
Anterolateral aspect of the proxmal vagina
Wolffian duct remnant

Which GI complaint is most common in the first trimester of pregnancy?
Why?
Nausea + vomiting
Caused by high hCG
What are the histologic features of a mixed germ cell tumor (embryonal carcinoma) of the testes?
Solid, glandular, and papillary patterns





































































