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Vertebrate CHapter 8-16 > Sarcoptergians > Flashcards

Sarcoptergians Flashcards

1
Q

Challenges to living on land?

A

Gravity
Movement- limbs
Eating
Breathing- lungs
Circulatory
Endothermy
Sensory- no lateral like
Conserving water

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2
Q

Modern Fish out of water examples

A

Walking catfish
Eels
Snakeheads
Gobies

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3
Q

Example of fish movement out of water

A

Climbing perch- use edges of gill plates, fins, and tails
Mudskipper- live in mudflaps

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4
Q

Purpose of amniotic eggs?

A

Allowed tetrapod to live independently of water for reproduction

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5
Q

Fingerlike projection adaptation example

A

Frogfish move along sea floor

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6
Q

Adaptations for movement out of water

A

Limbs with digits
Ankles/wrists
Pelvic girdle
Neck
Kidneys instead of gills

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7
Q

Choana

A

Opening between nasal cavity and nasopharynx creating upper throat

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8
Q

Features of tetrapodomorpha

A

Choana
1-2 bone pattern
Reduction and loss of cosmine in scales and dermal bones

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9
Q

Tetrapod limb consists of

A

Humerus
ulna
radius
carpals
phalanges

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10
Q

Eustenopteron, Pandericthys, and Tiktaalik are known as:

A

Basal Tetrapodomorphs

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11
Q

Tetrapods are derived from

A

Rhipidistians- boney fish

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12
Q

Eusthenopteron and earliest tetrapods share?

A

Skull bones- bones cover gills, snout bone elongated, and 6 appendicular bones

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13
Q

Did Eusthenopteron have lungs, why do we assume so, why do we not?

A

No fossils of lungs but sister group lungfish have lungs.

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14
Q

Difference between Eusthenopteron and Pandericthys

A

Body flatten
Upward eye
Straight tail
No anal/dorsal tail
Humerus- prop head up

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15
Q

The similarity between Eusthenopteron and Pandericthys (eating)

A

Labrinthodont teeth: folded sheet soft enamel

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16
Q

Tiktaalik fish like features

A

scales
lower jaw
fin rays
gills developed
pelvic girdle detached

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17
Q

Tiktaalik roseae tetrapod characteristics

A

No bony gills
ear structured to hear
pectoral girdle sep. from the skull
mobile neck
ribs thick
wrist & elbow& chest muscles ; pushups

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18
Q

Acanthostega and Icthyostega have:

A

Lost fin rays
Shoulder and hip bones
Sturdy limbs
Strong spine
Elongated snout
Eyes further in skull
digits

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19
Q

Two lineages of tetrapods

A

temnospondyls : non-amniotic
Reptiliomorpha: amniotic

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20
Q

Temnospondyls lead to..

A

Lissamphibia modern amphibians

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21
Q

Reptiliomorpha lead to

A

Amniotes: Reptiles, Birds, Mammals

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22
Q

Synapomorphies of Crown Tetrapods

A

Caecilians, Salamanders, Frogs, Amniotes

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23
Q

Tetrapod characteristics

A

Paired limbs - hindlimbs& forelimbs
Mobile necks - pectoral girdle
First vertebrate - atlas articulates with occipital condyles allowing skull to nod
Hypomandibular bone for jaws originally and then hearing

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24
Q

Temnospondyli closely related to

A

Lissamphibia

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25
Q

Two lineages of Temnospondyls

A

Stereospondyll & Dissorophoidea

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26
Q

Stereospondyli are

A

Caecelians - Gymnophiona

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27
Q

Dissorophoidea are

A

Salamander ( caudata) & Frogs (Anura)

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28
Q

Sauropsida lead to

A

Parareptilla & Reptile

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29
Q

Reptilia lead to

A

Tuatara& lizards (Lepidosauromorpha)
Turtle (testudines)
Crocodilians (Pseudosuchia)
Birds (Avemetatarsalia)

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30
Q

4 skeletal characters of amniotes

A

Lateral flange on pterygoid bones - origin of pterygoideus muscle used to close the jaw
2nd cervical vertebrate
Ankle bones- astragalus bone & Mesotarsal joint
2+ sacral vertebrate
amphibian 1
Reptile/bird 2
Mammal 3-5

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31
Q

Extraembryonic membrane

A

Amnion
Allantois- a storage place for nitrogenous waste
Chorion

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32
Q

Anapsids

A

Solid skull with no openings
Turtles and their ancestor

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33
Q

Synapsids

A

One pair of openings in the skull ass. with attachment of jaw muscles
Mammals & ancestors

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34
Q

Diapsids

A

Two pairs of openings in the skull roof
Lizards, Snakes, Crocodilians, Birds, and ancestor

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35
Q

Derived conditions for mammal

A

Fenestras merge with eye orbit

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36
Q

Derived conditions for Lizards & Snakes

A

bony bars lost

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37
Q

Derived conditions for Turtles

A

Diapsid condition lost as fenestra close

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38
Q

Adaptations to challenges (7)

A

locomotion
gravity
endothermy
water conservation
sensory
eating
breathing
blood uphill

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39
Q

Gravity adaptations- bone

A

Compact bone - dense and cancellous bone - light
Axial system vertebrae and ribs, zygopophysis resist twisting
Skelton- cranium, cervical, trunk, sacral, caudal

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40
Q

The synapsid conflict between locomotion and Respiration

A

Locomotion and Compresing rib cage for ventilation cannot occur simultaneously
The diaphragm separates body cavities & movements of the trunk

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41
Q

The saurapisd conflict between locomotion and Respiration

A

Bipedal locomotion using only limbs for locomotion and not trunk axial muscles

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42
Q

Lissamphibia

A

all 3 modern groups of amphibian

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43
Q

For amphibian : Kingdom, class, phylum, subphylum, subclass, order

A

Kingdom- Animalia
class- Amphibia
phylum- chordata
subphylum- vertebrata
subclass- Lissamphiibia
order
anura Frogs& Toads
caudata Tailed salamander
gymnophiona Naked snake- caecilians

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44
Q

Propel the frog into a jump and to support its landing

A

urostyle

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45
Q

What structure is used for hearing in the frog?

A

tympanic membrane

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46
Q

Urostyle

A

Fusion of the caudal vertebrae.

Important structure for jumping.

The last of the 10 vertebrae in a frog.

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47
Q

Selective forces from water to land?

A

escape drying pools of water?
– exploit new food sources on land?
– escape predators in the crowded waters?
– dispersal of juveniles?
– lay eggs in moist environments?

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48
Q

Advantages of terrestrial activity to tetrapodomprphs

A

More feeding opportunity
More movement

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49
Q

Acanthostega

A

8 digits
possessed gills - post branchial lamina on the fish-like shoulder girdle supports the opercular chamber
Ears- hear in water
Developed olecranon process - tricepe muscle

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50
Q

Ichthyostega

A

Smaller tail fin
Longer, large shoulders
7 digits
walk underwater
lateral line
salamander- like

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51
Q

Evolved muscles

A

Tiktaalik roseae- chest muscles
- Ball n socket rotate forearm
Hinge joint bends elbow

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52
Q

Bones evolved - first two tetrapods

A

Zygopophyses - interlocking
wrist bones
fin rays
supralittoral & opercular bones lost
Overlapping ribs
Ilium dorsally w/o sacral contact with vertebral column

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53
Q

Are amphibians monophyletic or paraphyletic?

A

monophyletic

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54
Q

Are reptiles monophyletic or paraphyletic?

A

paraphyletic of amniotes

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55
Q

What gave rise to amphibians

A

Temnospondyls

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56
Q

What gave rise to amniotes

A

Reptiliomorphs

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57
Q

Function of Fenestrations

A

Bigger and more complex jaw muscles
changes to adductor mandibularis muscle actions
changes to open/close of mouth
Reduce stress on skull

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58
Q

Astragulus

A

in ankle fused with 3 formerly independent proximal tarsal bones

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59
Q

Mesotarsal joint

A

Ankle joint of amniotes passed between the astragalus and calcaneus proximally and smaller distal tarsal bones for limb extension

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60
Q

Avemetatarsalian (dinosaurs & birds) adaptation

A

evolutionary changes in the ankle joints for bipedality and running

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61
Q

Examples of extinct reptiliomorphs outside Amniota

A

Archosauria- dinasours

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62
Q

Amniotic egg – structure, and membranes

A

Shell- protection
Albumin- water storage
Yolk- energy storage
Extraembryonic
Amnion - embryo develops
Allantois- nitrogenous waste storage
Allantois & Chorion- blood vessel, exchange gases

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63
Q

Theory of Development

A

-Earliest amniotes were probably
amphibious or semi-aquatic
- Inhabited humid environments and eggs
may have been laid out of water initially perhaps to reduce their risk of predation

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64
Q

Cladistic classification of amniotes

A

groups the amniotes on the basis of
common ancestry

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65
Q

Traditional classification

A

Based on clade features
Reptilia: reptiles – Aves: birds – Mammalia: mammals

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66
Q

Anapsids

A

– solid skull with no openings
– turtles and their ancestors

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67
Q

Bone adaptations

A

Compact bone - dense and is found on the outside of bone
Cancellous bone- light, spongy & found
in the inner tissue of bone and at the
joints.
Axial system - cranium, cervical, trunk vertebrate, ribs, zygophoysis, sacral, caudal

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68
Q

Allometry & effects

A

study of scaling
effect of gravity, SA, height, and weight

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69
Q

Eating adaptations on land

A

No suction feeding
Jaws, tongue, teeth, muscle
Bolus go into pharynx
Sticky Tongue
Salivary glands in terrestrial animals

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70
Q

Breathing air

A

Tital breathing (negative and positive pressure)
low viscosity
High oxygen
Lungs have more SA fro gas exchange

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71
Q

Lung evolution

A

Swim bladder in fish
Paired lungs in tetrapods

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72
Q

Ancestral forms: axial muscles of trunk had
two functions:

A

bend the trunk for locomotion
and compress the rib cage for ventilating the
lungs – These cannot occur simultaneously.

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73
Q

Synapsid modification

A

Diaphragm separates the body cavities and now
movements of the trunk (and internal organs)
now help with respiration.

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74
Q

Saurapsid modification:

A

bipedal locomotion using only limbs for locomotion
and not trunk axial muscles

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75
Q

Synapsids lung

A

Alveolar lung, Tree-like dichotomous branching patterns, Uses Tidal ventilation

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76
Q

Sauropsids

A

Faveolar lung, cuplike chambers (faveoli) line the walls of the lung or airways (parabronchi) for gas
exchange, 0-3 parabronchi, One directional flow of
air.

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77
Q

Pumping Blood Uphill water

A

Effects of gravity are negligible
The force of heart = only enough to overcome fluid
resistance traveling through vessels.

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78
Q

Pumping Blood Uphill- air

A

Evolution of the lymphatic system to collect leaked
fluids
more mass more resistance
Movement of heart location closer to lungs =
loss of sinus venosus and conus arteriosus

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79
Q

Circulatory System in fish

A

Sing: one atrium and one ventricle
inus venous and conous (or bulbus) arteriosus are
present in front and behind the heart respectfully.
heart is located close to the gills above the pectoral fins

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80
Q

Circulatory System in Tetrapods

A

db circuit: one path is deoxygenated and the other is oxygenated
heart moved posteriorly behind the shoulders
3-chamber and 4-chambers
Adaptations for diving tetrapods

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81
Q

Vision in water challenges

A

can be murky and refractive index of
cornea similar to water

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82
Q

Vision in air

A

The lens is flatter and focusing usually
By changing shape of lens eyelids
Protection tear ducts for lubricant production, nasolacrimal duct to drain tears

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83
Q

Hearing in water

A

sound waves pass freely from water into
animal tissues and hair cells can be directly
stimulated within lateral line system

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84
Q

Hearing in air & Sauropsids

A

Air: Not dense enough to move cilia of hair cells* Middle ear bones to amplify signals from tympanum and transmit to inner ear hair cells – Sauropsids = only have stapes & tympanum on head surface

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85
Q

Smell in water

A

chemical signals transmit more slowly

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86
Q

Smell in air

A

Scents deposited for territorial marking
Signals travel faster

  • Ethomoturbinates = olfactory surfaces for location of odor receptors
  • Nasoturbinates = moisten air
  • Vomeronasal organ – unique organ in anterior roof of mouth used for chemosensory function esp. with pheromones
  • Flehman response in ungulates (hoof stock) – flaring of lips to draw air into vomeronasal organ; usually males to detect females in hea
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87
Q

Tetrapods – emphasis on conserving water

A

-Descending loop of Henle, aquaporins in
collecting ducts to reclaim more water before
urine travels down ureter to collect in urinary
bladder
-Urinary bladder = urinate in specific locations for scent marking or avoid detection by predators
-Skin: keratin, lipids and oils in the skin help limit
evaporative water loss
1. Cutaneous water loss
2. Respiratory water loss
3. Excretory water loss

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88
Q

Body temperature- water

A

thermoconformers; some have
regional heterothermy using muscle
metabolism and countercurrent exchangers.
Heat capacity of water and heat conductivity
are both high

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89
Q

Body temperature- air

A

Thermoregulation more significant
Air is less stable for regulating temperature

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90
Q

Amphibian skin

A

Characterized by a moist
permeable skin
limits the environments

91
Q

Anurans and salamanders skin

A

moisture from the soil
anurans- pelvic patch highly permeable to water

92
Q

Example of amphibian that has high permeable skin

A

Giant Toads

93
Q

Mucous glands

A

Produce mucopolysaccharides
retain moisture, aid in GE
animal slippery- defense

94
Q

Granular glands & example

A

produce noxious and
sometimes toxic secretions

example
-warts and parotid glands of toads,
-dorsolateral ridges of Rana frogs
-agitated cane toad emitting toxins
(white material) from parotid gland.

95
Q

Poison glands toxins, effects and species

A

– Vasoconstrictors
– hemolytic substances
– Neurotoxins
– Hallucinogens

– localized irritation
– Hypothermia
– Convulsions
– Paralysis

salamanders and caecilians
Rough skinned newt highly toxic, garter snakes resist
salamander Bolitoglossa rostrata- paralyze

96
Q

Genera of brightly colored Neotropical
frogs

A

Dendrobates
Phyllobates
Epipedobates

97
Q

Effect of steroidal alkaloids in their skin

A

blocking nerve transmissions, which can result in cardiac arrest and death

98
Q

Dendrobatidae species, medicine, and other use

A

“dart frogs”
most toxic of poison dart frog species is
Phyllobates terribilis
muscle relaxants and heart stimulants
tribes of Colombian Indians for blowguns
for food

99
Q

“dart frogs” skin secretion medicine

A

painkiller called epibatidine
bacteria-killing antibiotic peptide called
magainin has been isolated from the skin
of the African clawed frog

100
Q

coloration uses

A

Aposematic = warning coloration
Mimicry

101
Q

Mimicry types

A

Cryptic = resembling its
environment; “camouflage”
Batesian = harmless species starts to look like aposematic species
Müllerian = two different species
take on similar warning coloration

102
Q

Gas exchange through gills amphibian ex

A

In larval salamanders and caecilians
neotony
Cryptobranchus possess both gills and lungs

103
Q

Neoteny:

A

larval form that fails to
undergo metamorphosis

104
Q

Paedomorphosis:

A

retention of ancestral juvenile characteristics in a
descendant adult species

105
Q

Paedogenesis

A

in the larval state

106
Q

anuran tadpoles gills

A

gills are concealed behind a flap of tissue
and water flows through the mouth across the gills and out of a spiracle.
– When anuran tadpoles metamorphose into adults the gills are reabsorbed.

107
Q

force pump mechanism & species

A

-Air enters the oral cavity through the nostrils
– nostrils close
– floor of mouth is raised forcing air into the lungs and prevented from escaping by a sphincter
muscle

frogs and toads

108
Q

Lepidobatrachus and Ceratophrys Feeding

A

enormous heads relative to their
body size eat other frogs

109
Q

Amphibian teeth

A

homodont
palate and jaw
grasp and hold prey

110
Q

Pedicellate teeth

A

amphibian teeth
are made of dentine and are
separated by a narrow layer of
uncalcified dentine

111
Q

Tongue protrusion mechanism, example

A

sticky tongue
Hydromantes, some anurans, such as Rana and Bufo
When the tongue is everted the whole tongue skeleton leaves the mouth

112
Q

Caecilans have rudimentary
tongues

A

cannot be everted.

113
Q

Reproduction: Anurans type, location, parental care, metamorphosis dev

A

external
amplexus
quick development metamorphosis
– limbs develop
– tail shortens by reabsorption
– gills are lost
larvae fall in when they hatch
mouth, stomach or pressed into soft
skin on their backs

114
Q

Excemption to Reproduction: Anurans

A

Internal fertilization in a few species
Tailed from of Pacific Northwast
Extension of the cloaca (“tail”) is used for placing
sperm into the female cloaca

115
Q

Anuran Reproduction alternative modes & examples

A

Gastric (stomach) brooding- Rheobatrachus
Mouth brooder- Darwin’s frog
Midwife brooder- Midwife toad
Pouch brooder- Surinam toads

116
Q

Reproduction: Caudates

A

Internal fertilization-
A. Male pushes spermataphore into female’s cloaca.
B. Female picks up spermataphore with cloaca.
External fertilization Female deposits eggs on spermatophore
1. Orientation.
2. Physical Contact
3. Tail-straddling Walk
4. Pheromone Delivery
5. Spermatophore Deposition
6. Insemination

117
Q

Pheromone Delivery- caudates

A
  • Desmognathus and Eurycea
    – Spreads secretion of mental gland onto female’s skin
    – Slices the skin with his teeth to get it into her
  • Some Desmognathus – use specialized mandibular teeth to bite and stimulate female
  • Salamandridae (newts) family – rub female’s snout with hedonic glands on their cheeks, chin or cloaca
118
Q

Reproduction: Caudates Maternal care

A

– Aquatic species: lay eggs in water; gelatinous mass.
– Terrestrial species: lay eggs in damp soil.
larva that looks like a smaller version of the adult
the lungless plethodontids no aquatic larval stage
– Some species guard eggs (e.g., dusky salamander)
– A few viviparous species

119
Q

eft

A

terrestrial species larvae transform into a juvenile
stage
sexually mature these return to water to breed

120
Q

Reproduction: Caecilians types, organs, parental car

A

internal fertilization
intromittent organ = general term for external organ for sperm delivery
- oviparous with aquatic larvae
-oviparous with young developing directly into terrestrial young
-majority viviparous& matrotrophic
(feeding directly on the mother)
-have teeth (shed after birth), which they use to scrape the the epithelial lining of the oviduct to obtain nutrition “uterine milk”

121
Q

Anuran calling behavior when, how

A

most breeding occurs at night
males call to attract females
Calling is energetically expensive

122
Q

Advertising Calls:

A

Territorial calls
‘back off’
low groan

123
Q

Distress calls:

A

attacked by a predator
high-pitched scream or wail

124
Q

Warning call

A

startled or disturbed
short grunt or squawk

125
Q

Release calls

A

female frog that has already bred

126
Q

Explosive breeding:- anurans

A

breeding season
is a few days

127
Q

Prolonged breeding

A

breeding season extends for several months

128
Q

Anuran Tadpoles feeding habits

A

Filter feeders
Grazers: beaks for scraping algae off surfaces
Carnivores Southern spadefoot toad has a carnivorous and herbivorous morph (phenotypic plasticity)

129
Q

Anuran metamorphosis stages: regulated by thyroxine released from thyroid

A
  1. Premetamorphosis: tadpoles increase in size.
  2. Prometamorphosis: hind legs appear; slower growth.
  3. Metamorphic climax: forelegs appear and tail regresses; rapid portion of metamorphosis (when frog is most vulnerable).
130
Q

Costal grooves - anuran

A

grooves present
along the sides of the bodies

131
Q

mental gland- anuran

A

cluster of glands on
the chin of a male salamander, most
noticeable during the breeding season

132
Q

Cloaca -

A

common passage or cavity
of the digestive, reproductive, and
excretory systems

133
Q

Nasolabial grooves

A

family Plethodontidae
Narrow grooves that extend from the nostrils
to the mouth

134
Q

Acanthal ridges

A

Gyrinophilus porphyriticus
Ridges (with light lines) extending from the eyes
to the nostrils

135
Q

Keeled tail

A

knife edge along its dorsal (top) surface.
Common in aquatic spp.

136
Q

cirrus; cirri

A

slender elongations of the upper lip on
some male salamanders, one
hanging below each nostril at the
bottom of the nasolabial groove

137
Q

Family Ambystomatidae

A

Mole Salamanders
marbled, spotted
Terrestrial burrowers

138
Q

Family Amphiumidae

A

paedomorphic
fully aquatic
Retain limbs, eyelids, and teeth
gill slits

139
Q

Family Cryptobranchidae

A

Hellbenders
Well-developed legs, gill slits as adults
* External gills only as larvae
Largest extant

140
Q

Family Plethodontidae

A

Lungless Salamanders
Most diverse
Nasolabial grooves- aid in chemoreception
arisen out of the Appalachian Mountains

141
Q

Family Plethodontidae- Bolitoglossine

A

Tongue-projecting salamanders
Primarily Neotropical

142
Q

Family Proteidae

A

Waterdogs and Mudpuppies
4 well-developed legs
Large gills, caudal fins
obligate neotenes, possessing external gills and a tail fin.

143
Q

Family Salamandridae

144
Q

Family Sirenidae

A

Large, eel-like, external gills, fully aquatic
Lack pelvic girdle and hind limbs

145
Q

Specializations for jumping

A

hind legs are very enlarged and elongate
zygapophyses that limit lateral bending
ilium has been elongated
Caudal and sacral vertebrae fused into urostyle.
flexible pectoral girdle
Shortening of body
Semimembranosus muscle of hind leg

146
Q

Flash colors

A

Hyla spp.
colored patches on the rear of the hind legs

147
Q

Microhylid head fold

A

Gastrophryne spp
fold in the skin
behind the head

148
Q

Dorsolateral fold (ridge)

A

glandular tissue that
extends from the rear
margin of the
tympanum along the
back toward the hind
legs

149
Q

Parotoid glands

A

wart-like
skin gland on the
back, neck, and
shoulder of toads
and some
salamanders

150
Q

Pelobatid spade

A

a dark scale-like
structure on the hind
feet of spadefoot
toads that is used
for digging
Scaphiopus spp

151
Q

Toe pads

A

enlarged pads at the ends of the toes- projecting
papillae separated by small gaps
Mucus glands secrete a viscous fluid- surface
tension and viscosity holds the frog in place
Hyla spp.

152
Q

Tympanum

A

External ear drum
Rana spp.
males = larger than eye
females = same size as eye or smaller

153
Q

Vertical pupil

A

elliptical pupil in
some frogs
Scaphiopus spp

154
Q

Warts

A

raised areas on the
backs of some toads
Bufo spp.

155
Q

Webbed feet

A

webbing between
the toes of the hind
feet Rana spp

156
Q

Family Bufonidae

A

True Toads
Prominent skin glands (wart
horizontal
pupils
no teeth
Stocky build, parotoid glands,

157
Q

Bufo americanus

A

American Toad
Chest usually spotted* Enlarged warts on tibia* Parotoid gland separate
from cranial crest
(sometimes connected
by a small spur

158
Q

Bufo fowleri

A

Fowler’s Toad
Three or more warts per
patch
* Unspotted chest
* No enlarged warts of tibia* Parotoid gland touches
cranial ridge

159
Q

Bufo terrestris

A

Southern Toad
Pronounced knobs on a
high cranial crest
* Light middorsal stripe

160
Q

Family Pelobatidae

A

Spadefoot Toads
Explosive reproductive habit
pupils are vertical

161
Q

Eastern Spadefoot

A

Scaphiopus holbrookii
Sickle shaped spade on hind
foot
Two yellowish lines on
back

162
Q

Family Microhylidae

A

Narrowmouth frogs and toads
Worldwide distribution

163
Q

Eastern Narrowmouth Toad

A

Gastrophryne carolinensis
Pointed snout
* Head fold
* Belly mottled

164
Q

Family Hylidae

165
Q

Northern Cricket Frog

A

Acris crepitans
Treefrogs
Dark stripe on thigh is
not clean cut
* Head blunt * Short hind leg
* Extensive foot webbing

166
Q

Hyla avivoca

A

Bird-voiced Treefrog
Yellowish green on hind
legs
* Smaller than Gray treefrog

167
Q

Hyla cinerea -

A

Green Treefrog
Bright green frog* White lateral stripe

168
Q

Hyla versicolor/chrysoscelis

A

Gray Treefrog/ Cope’s
Bright orange or golden
yellow concealed on
thigh
* Warts present
* Only tell apart by call

169
Q

Pseudacris crucifer

A

Spring Peeper
Dark “X” on back
* Small
* small pads on toes
* dorsal coloration can
vary from gray to brown

170
Q

Pseudacris feriarum

A

Upland Chorus Frog
Body is brown or gray.
* Belly is creamy, and there may
be dark specks on the chest
* Dark lateral stripe
* Three longitudinal stripes

171
Q

Family Ranidae

A

True Frogs

172
Q

Rana catesbeiana

A
  • Bullfrog
    Plain green frog* No dorsolateral ridges* Tip of fourth toe extends
    beyond webbing
173
Q

Rana clamitans

A

Green/Bronze Frog
Dorsolateral ridges ending
halfway down body
* Very large
* Green or “bronze” (usually rather
patternless)
* Tympanum large
* Belly white with dark, wormlike
markings

174
Q

Rana palustris

A

Pickerel Frog
Square spots in two parallel
rows
* Bright yellow or orange on
concealed portions of legs

175
Q

Rana sphenocephala

A

Southern Leopard Frog
Complete dorsolateral
ridge
* Round/oval spots on bac

176
Q

Rana sylvatica

A

Wood Frog
Brown frog with a
black mask
* Prominent
dorsolateral folds
* Explosive breeder

177
Q

Order Gymnophiona

A

Caecilians:
Degenerate or missing eyes
Limbless burrowing, aquatic
Annuli: dermal folds overlaying underlying myomeres
protrusible tentacles near eyes used for mechanoreception

178
Q

Papilla
amhibiorum

A

Specialized neuromast
organ in sacculus of inner
ear
* sensory hair cells that
translate the vibrations in
the fluid into nerve signals
* Detects low frequencies

179
Q

Basilar papillae:

A

Hair cell system – detects
high frequencies

180
Q

Operculum-columella complex

A

Two bones in middle ear that transmit
sound to inner ear
high / low frequency system
Vibration via leg bones / scapula
Frogs & Salamanders; Predator / prey detection

181
Q

Levatator Bulbi muscle

A

Bulges eye outward
 Increases buccal cavity
 Increases view:
Helps swallow:

182
Q

Disease

A

Iridoviruses infect a variety of salamanders
chytridiomycosis form motile zoospores in water
interferes with respiration and
control of water flow and kills adult frogs

183
Q

Phylogenetic relationships of Lepidosauria

A

Key features: – Keratinous scales – Transverse cloaca – Hemipenes: two-part reproductive organ – Determinate growth: growth stops at genetically determined point – Presence/absence of temporal bars

184
Q

Diversity of Lepidosaurs

A

Order Rhycocephalia - tuatara
Order Squamata - lizards and snakes

185
Q

Diapsid Skull

A

Upper temporal bar = squamosal &
postorbital bones
* Lower temporal bar = jugal & quadratojugal
bones
= 2 fenestra like tuatara
1 fenetra - lizard
none- snake

186
Q

Rhynchocephalians

A

Family Sphenodontidae - tuatara
diapsid skull – parietal “third eye”
on the top of its skull. day-night cycle
lens, cornea, and retina
Create shearing effect
nocturnal problem = body temp
live in seabird burrows

187
Q

Create shearing effect

A

When they bite the single row
of teeth on the lower jaw fits
between those on the upper
jaw

188
Q

Determinate growth of Squamates

A

small enough to survive on insects
during their lifetime
* Other reptiles: crocodylians and turtles, continue growing throughout their lives

189
Q

amphisbaenians

A

lizards
legless

190
Q

Lizards characteristcs

A

Good vision- external ear
eyelids
4 legs
Ectothermic
uric acid
keratinized skin

191
Q

Features for ID

A

Markings - much like snakes
* Scale patterns & coloration (M/F)
* Limblessness
* Lateral fold along side of body
* Femoral pores
* SV length
* Keeled scales (like snakes)
* Dewlap
* Parietal eye - detects light
(stimulates pineal gland )

192
Q

Suborder Iguania
Family Gekkonidae
examples

A

sticky toe pads
setae- modified scales
large eyes lack eyelids
vertical pupils

Hemidactylus turcicus - Mediterranean Gecko
Hemidactylus garnotii - Indo-Pacific Gecko

193
Q

Suborder Iguania
Family Scincidae
Eumeces anthracinus

A
  • Coal Skink
    lack of a stripe down the center
    of the back
    one post mental scale
    Fat ground skink
    Smooth scales
    Four lines including broad black
    middorsal stripe
194
Q

Suborder Iguania
Family Scincidae
Scincella lateralis

A

Ground Skink
Small golden brown skink
2 Dark dorsolateral stripes
Males develop yellow bellies
during breeding

195
Q

Suborder Iguania
Family Scincidae
Eumeces egregius

A

Mole Skink
Six upper labials
Only skink with red or orange tail
Two rows of enlarged scales down
middle of back
Burrows in sand

196
Q

Suborder Iguania
Family Scincidae
Eumeces fasciatus

A

Five-lined Skink
Five lines—lessen with age but usually
still visible
Caudal scales
Four labial scales

197
Q

Suborder Iguania
Family Scincidae
Eumeces inexpectatus

A

Southeastern Five-lined Skink
5 labial scales
Five lines—fade in old males

198
Q

Suborder Iguania
Family Scincidae
Eumeces laticeps

A

Broadhead Skink
Broadhead Skink

199
Q

Suborder Iguania
Family Scincidae
Eumeces laticeps

A

Broadhead Skink
Broadhead Skink

200
Q

Suborder Iguani
Family Amphisbaenia

A

Limblessness/legglessness
tunneling lizards
burrow
head is heavily keratinized
annuli encircle the body
integument has only a few connections
integumentary muscles

201
Q

Suborder Iguani
Family Amphisbaenia
Rhineura floridana

A

Florida Worm Lizard
annuli
Pink or grayish
No limbs, ear openings, or external eyes
Dry Sandy habitats

202
Q

Suborder Iguani
Family Chamaeleonidae

A

zygodactylous feet
most arboreal lizards
projecting their long tongue

203
Q

Suborder Iguania
Family Phrynosomatidae
North American Spiny Lizards

A

squirt blood from their eyes

204
Q

Suborder Iguania
Family Phrynosomatidae
Sceloporus undulatu

A

Eastern Fence lizard
Arboreal Lizard
Gray or brown lizard
Female—wavy lines on back
Keeled scales

205
Q

Suborder Iguania
Family Iguanidae

A

Most large lizards are
herbivorous and many iguanas
are arboreal. In areas without
mammalian predators

206
Q

Suborder: Iguania
Family Crotaphytidae

A

Collared Lizards – Leopard Lizards

207
Q

Suborder: Iguania
Family Dactyloidae
Anolis carolinensis

A

Green Anole
Pink throat fan
* Ridged toe pads

208
Q

Suborder: Iguania
Family Dactyloidae
Anolis sagrei

A

Brown Anole
Non-native species - Carribean
* Brown lizard with a white stripe down
its back
* Shorter snout than Green anole

209
Q

Suborder Iguania
Family Helodermatidae
Beaded Lizards & Gila Monster

A

Venom glands are located in the lower jaw,
must chew on its victim to work the venom
into the flesh

210
Q

Suborder Iguania
Family Anguidae

A

All are limbless
 Have external ears, eyelids, inflexible jaws that easily differentiate them
from snakes
breaking their tail

211
Q

Suborder Iguania
Family Anguidae
Ophisaurus attenuatus

A

Slender glass lizard
breaking their tail
Dry grasslands and dry open
woodlands
Variable dorsal pattern

212
Q

Suborder Iguania
Family Anguidae
Ophisaurus ventralis

A

Eastern Glass Lizard
White marks on neck
May have one or more stripes
above lateral groove

213
Q

Suborder Iguania
Family Anguidae
Ophisaurus compressus

A

Island Glass Lizard
single dark longitudinal stripe
on scale rows 3 and 4 above the
lateral groove, and, often, a
dark dorsal stripe
Numerous white markings on
neck

214
Q

Suborder Iguania
Family Anguidae
Ophisaurus mimicus

A

Mimic Glass Lizard
Middorsal stripe present
* Three or four rows of spots

215
Q

Suborder Iguania
Family Varanidae

A

Monitor Lizards
active predators
gular pump to assist the axial
muscles in lung ventilation- high activity
Komodo dragon - bit is full of bacteria

216
Q

Suborder
Serpentes
* SNAKES

A

Limbless
Elongated body
Lack moveable eyelids
Lack external ear openings
Forked tongue
Shed skin in one piece

217
Q

Characteristics of more derived
snakes:

A

Highly kinetic (flexible) skull
with numerous joints
* Broad belly scales
* Hollow venom fangs

218
Q

Order Squamata
Suborder Serpentes: Snakes
infraorders

A

Infraorder Scoleocophidia
Infraorder Alethinophidia
Superfamily Colubroidea:

219
Q

Suborder Serpentes
Infraorder Scoleocophidia

A

blindsnakes
paraphyletic group
Alethinophidia & Colubridea
Represent primitive condition for snakes
Blunt head and tail; tail ends in tiny spine – Shiny scales – Reduced eyes – surface dwelling snakes likely re-developed eyes after
long period of fossorial existance – Traces of pelvic girdle usu evident

220
Q

Suborder Serpentes
Family Viperidae

A

true. and pit vipers
long fangs rest horizontally when
the mouth is closed (Solenoglyphous)

221
Q

Viperidae in GA

A

Copperheads
* Cottonmouths
* Rattlesnakes

222
Q

Suborder Serpentes
Family Elapidae

A

Venomous, short fangs = Proteroglyphous
functionally hollow fangs
mambas, cobras,
kraits and
sea snakes- tail is laterally flattened, Nostrils are located dorsally, primitive sea snakes lay eggs
on the land, but the more derived species give birth to live young.
Red on black, friend of Jack;
Red on yellow, nasty fellow

223
Q

Suborder Serpentes
Family Colubridae

A

Only 1 carotid artery
* Skull extremely kinetic
* left lung is absent or very reduced in
size.
Rear-fanged = Opisthoglyphous - venomous

Vertebrate CHapter 8-16 (3 decks)

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