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Vertebrate CHapter 8-16 > chapter 17-23 > Flashcards

chapter 17-23 Flashcards

1
Q

Rectilinear motion

A

large-bodied snakes
Slow movement
belly scales are alternately lifted

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2
Q

Lateral undulation

A

common locomotion

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3
Q

Concertina Locomotion

A
  • involves alternately pulling
    crawling through tunnels
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4
Q

Sidewinding

A

snakes crawling on smooth
or slippery surfaces

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5
Q

Snakes - Chemosensory

A

pit-like Jacobson’s organs
(vomeronasal organ) in the roof of the
mouth, which are olfactory organs.

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6
Q

Snakes - Thermosensor species

A

(pit vipers such as
rattlesnakes) have heat-sensitive pit

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7
Q

Predation Snakes

A

grabbing it and swallowing
kill their prey by constriction
venom

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8
Q

Colubrid snakes

A

have Duvernoy’s gland = homologous to
venom gland of vipers/elapids

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9
Q

Neurotoxic

A

nervous system or muscle function

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10
Q

Cytotoxic

A

breaks down and digests tissue

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11
Q

Hemotoxi

A

causing blood to congeal, or lowering blood pressure, immobolized

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12
Q

Aglyphous

A

no fangs

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13
Q

Opisthoglyphus

A

rear fangs

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14
Q

Solenoglyphus

A

= large hollow fangs, rotate forward

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15
Q

Proteroglyphus

A

fixed, hollow fangs on front of maxilla

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16
Q

Shell and Skeleton turtles

A

Ribs and vertebrae are fused to the shell and the head and
limbs can be

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17
Q

Plastron formed mostly from
dermal ossification

A

Entoplastron from interclavicle
* Epiplastra from clavicles
prototherians, crocodilians, and birds.

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18
Q

furcula

A

Birds - retain the clavicle and the
interclavicle joins to the two clavicles

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19
Q

One hinge:

A

box turtles the anterior and
posterior ends of the plastron can be
raised to close off the front and rear
openings of the shell.

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20
Q

Two hinges:

A

mud turtles there are two hinges,
plastron is often reduced, so “closing”
isn’t as complete

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21
Q

Cryptodira

A

Hidden-necked turtle

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22
Q

Suborder PPleurodira –

A

Side-necked turtles

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23
Q

Tubercle

A

protuberances of skin

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24
Q

Barbels:

A

whisker-like protuberances
usually on chin

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25
Q

Keel:

A

ridge along midline of carapace

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26
Q

Serrations:

A

jagged edge usu along shell or
beak

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27
Q

Vent

A

same thing as cloaca

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28
Q

makes normal
breathing impossible

A

Fusion of ribs to shells

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29
Q

Lungs are attached to carapace

A

dorsally and
laterally; to viscera ventrally via connective
tissue

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30
Q

Turtles: respiration

A

Downward movement of viscera pulls lungs
down, expanding space, allows inhalation

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31
Q

Softshell turtle respiration

A

leathery skin

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32
Q

septum - turtle

A

that partially divides the ventricle into separate left
and right chambers.

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33
Q

Temperature-Dependent Sex
Determination

A

Higher incubation temperatures
produce the larger sex, which in
turtles is female

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34
Q

parental care-turtle

A

Generally no parental care

35
Q

Sea turtles: eggs

A

100 or so eggs on
sandy beaches. When the young hatch
they must escape a host of waiting
predators

36
Q

Box turtles repro

A

only a handful of eggs are
laid at a time

37
Q

Navigation by sea turtles: * Evidence suggests baby loggerheads use three cues:

A

Light – move toward bright light at hatching
2. Wave direction – swim into the waves
3. Magnetism – tells them direction and latitude (orientation)

38
Q

Tactile cues:

A

male fanning females
(aquatic spp), biting, ramming

39
Q

Olfactory:

A

tortoises can produce
pheromones (

40
Q

Sympatric

A

ivsual cues
for turtle; esp when
there are multiple
species in the
same pond

41
Q

Mobile
Gastral

A

muscle from
pelvis inserts on
gastralia to help
increase volume
of chest and
allow inhalation

42
Q

Crocodylians and
birds losely
related to

A

Archosaurian

43
Q

Characteristics of Diapsids

A

Antorbital fenestra
Fourth Trochanter- femur

44
Q

Types of motion: Crocodilia

A

crawling
walking
belly sliding
galloping

45
Q

specialist fish predator

A

Gharial

46
Q

quadrate bone fixed allows

A

skull strength

47
Q

teeth set in

A

sockets

48
Q

Feeding

A

Broad snout (alligators, b) = crushing hard prey
* Wedge-shaped snout (crocs, c) = varied diet * Slender snout (gavials, d) = fish

49
Q

secondary pala

A

allows
breathing during feeding

50
Q

Foramen of panizza

A

connects the left and right
aorta.

51
Q

Ornithischians and Saurischian

A

Dinosaur

52
Q

Two branches of Archosaurs

A

Pseudosuchia = Crocodylomorpha – Avemetatarsalia = Pterosaurs, “dinosaurs” and birds

53
Q

Ornithischians similar

A

similar to that of birds,
but did

54
Q

Therapods

A

carnivorous lineage
of Saurischian dinosaurs
furcula

55
Q

Coelurosaur lineage of Therapods
include

A

Tyrannasuroides – T-Rex –
Maniraptorans = “predators that
grasp with hands”, but were also
feathered

56
Q

Maniraptorans

A

Name refers to
highly flexible wrist
* Appearance of
feathers

57
Q

Evolution of features: birds

A

Loss of bones in hands –
down to 3 of birds
* Hollow bones
* Furcula * Toothless beak

58
Q

Pneumatization of non-cranial bones

A

Air spaces in bones = lighten skeleton

59
Q

Uncinate processes

A

extra projection off
rib surface; help strengthen rib cage and
help with inspiration

60
Q

Avian Characters in Nonavian birds

A

Notable reduction in body size

61
Q

cursorial hypothesis

A

Ground-up
Wing-assisted incline running
fossil of Microraptor gui

62
Q

arboreal hypothesis

A

Trees-down

63
Q

Reptilian features: Archaeopteryx

A

Skull with teeth
* Lacked fused structures like
the keel, pygostyle
* Long bony tail * Forearms with clawed digits

64
Q

characterised by:

A

Reduced body sizes – Feathers – Streamlining – Skeletal modifications to
reduce weight – beak with no teeth (ancient
birds had teeth) – Internal fertilization and hardshelled amniotic egg – high metabolic rate – endothermic – four-chambered heart – reduced tail – breathing by lungs and
associated air sacs

65
Q

Functions
feather

A

Flight
2. Heat Conservation
* Reduced convective and
evaporative heat loss
* Increased insulation
3. Camouflage
4. Protection
5. Behaviors (courtship, defense)

66
Q

(pterylae)

A

Arranged in tracts

67
Q

(apteria)

A

separated by regions of
unfeathered skin

68
Q

Five standard types: Feathers

A

Contour
Semiplumes:
Down
Bristles:
Filoplumes

69
Q

Molting

A

the process of feather replacemen

70
Q

Structural Requirements for Flight

A

Rigid vertebral column
synsacrum
pygostyle
furculum
uncinate processes on ribs

71
Q

To fly: both horizontal
thrust and vertical lift
are required

A
  • Gravity & Lift - airfoil
  • Drag & Thrust
72
Q

Pectoralis major

A

Adducts and depresses wing

73
Q

Suprocoracoideus major -

A

Abducts and elevates the wing

74
Q

Triosseal canal

A

coracoid, scapula and furcula

75
Q

supracoracoideus tendon

A

inserts on the dorsal face
of the humerus

76
Q

Anisodacyl foot

A

four moderately
long toes

77
Q

Zygodactyl foot

A

two toes forward, two
toes back for climbing

78
Q

Uropygial Gland

A

Large preen gland for oil
production

79
Q

“crop milk

A

fat
laden cells in fluid; high lipid/protein
but no sugar

80
Q

Foregut Fermentation

A

crop as a fermentation
chamber.

81
Q
A

Anterior glandular stomach = Proventriculus
Posterior muscular stomach = Gizzard

82
Q

Avian lung

A

Anterior air sacs – Posterior air sacs

83
Q

proportionally much larger tympanic membranes

A

enhances sensitivity to sound

Vertebrate CHapter 8-16 (3 decks)

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