sarcopenia and treatments

Question 1

what is sarcopenia

Answer 1

progressive muscle disorder that is characterised by by loss of muscle mass leading to low muscle strength and low physical performance

Question 2

sarcopenia is associated with

Answer 2

increased likelihood of falls, fractures and physical disability and morality.

Question 3

whats the difference between primary and secondary sarcopenia

Answer 3

primary is age related with no other cause

secondary is age related with other factors contributing

Question 4

which type of sarcopenia has a higher prevalence

Answer 4

primary

Question 5

according to Doherty 2003 and Faulkner et al 2007 how much muscle mass is lost between age 40 and 80

Answer 5

between 30 and 50%

Question 6

what is hand grip strength a predictor of

Answer 6

functional limitations and disability 25 years later

Question 7

according to moreland et al 2004 how does lower extremity muscle weakness

Answer 7

lower extremity muscle weakness leads to higher risk of falls and injurious falls

Question 8

according to which study is low muscle strength a predictor of high all cause and cancer mortality.

Answer 8

ruiz et al 2008

Question 9

a combination of high fat mass and low muscle mass leads to

Answer 9

sarcopenia obesity

Question 10

sarcopenia can decrease muscle mass in two ways

Answer 10

fibre loss and fibre atrophy

Question 11

after what age is muscle fibre loss particularly prevalent

Answer 11

70 years old

Question 12

what type of grouping is a hallmark of ageing muscle

Answer 12

fibre type grouping

Question 13

what causes fibre type grouping

Answer 13

loss of motor neurons

Question 14

what fibre type is predominantly found in ageing muscle

Answer 14

type 1

Question 15

sarcopenia leads to atrophy of which type of fibres

Answer 15

type 2

Question 16

how much EAA intake in young people is required to maximally activate muscle protein synthesis

Answer 16

10g EAA corresponds to 20g protein

Question 17

how much EAA intake in older people is required to maximally activate muscle protein synthesis

Answer 17

20g EAA corresponds to 40g protein

Question 18

what is the function of satellite cells

Answer 18

to regenerate muscle tissue

Question 19

carlson et al 2009 suggested that satellite cells decreased by how much

Answer 19

50% between 20 and 70

Question 20

what two main types of exercise training are useful in sarcopenia

Answer 20

resistance and balance training

Question 21

why is resistance training good in sarcopenia patients

Answer 21

increase muscle mass

Question 22

why is balance training good in sarcopenia patients

Answer 22

increase stability and decrease risk of falls

Question 23

according to province et al 1995 which type of balance training proved the most effective at reducing risk of falls

Answer 23

tai chi

Question 24

when should AA be consumed to increase protein synthesis

Answer 24

post exercise is most effective

Question 25

when should energy and protein supplements be given to the elderly

Answer 25

when the elderly patients is undernourished and/or in the hospital, there is no evidence to suggest that well nourished elderly people benefit from supplements

Question 26

what effect does creatine have on ageing muscle

Answer 26

increase in fat free mass, increased muscle hypertrophy and increased muscular strength

Question 27

when is creatine supplementation most effective

Answer 27

before and after exercise

Question 28

what are the three main treatment methods for sarcopenia

Answer 28

exercise, nutritional and pharmacological therapies including gene and stem cell therapies

Question 29

what are the three main targets of pharmacological methods

Answer 29

alpha- motor neurone and fibre loss
fibre atrophy
alternative methods - gene / stem cell

Question 30

what are the drug targets for sarcopenia drugs

Answer 30

motor neurone death and muscle fibre atrophy

Question 31

what is the major problem with using gene therapy for atrophy

Answer 31

muscle atrophy doesn’t tend to have a genetic cause

Question 32

what type of therapy may be available in the future to regenerate muscle mass

Answer 32

stem cell - satellite cell therapy