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GIGU > SAQ 5 > Flashcards

SAQ 5 Flashcards

0
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

Gh, prolactin, tsh, ACTH, FSH, LH

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1
Q

Pineal

A

Melatonin

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2
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

Adh, oxytocin

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3
Q

Thyroid

A

T3, T4, calcitonin

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4
Q

Parathyroid

A

PTH

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5
Q

Thymus

A

Thymosin

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6
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Norepinephrine, epinephrine

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7
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Cortisol, aldosterone

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8
Q

Pancreatic islets

A

Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

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9
Q

Ovaries, corpus luteum and placenta

A

Progesterone, estrogen, hpl, hcg, hcs

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10
Q

Testes

A

Testosterone

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11
Q

Adipocyte

A

Leptin

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12
Q

Heart

A

ANP

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13
Q

Liver

A

Somatomedin c

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14
Q

Kidney

A

Renin

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15
Q

Regulates mood, sexual development, response to light

A

Melatonin

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16
Q

Promotes growth of body tissues

A

Growth hormone

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17
Q

Reabsorption of water by the kidney

A

ADH

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18
Q

Increases metabolic rate, normal growth

A

Thyroxine

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19
Q

Regulates calcium levels in the blood

A

Pth/ calcitonin

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20
Q

Promotes T cell growth

A

Thymosin

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21
Q

Increase in blood pressure and heart rate

A

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

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22
Q

Metabolism of carbs, protein and fats

A

Cortisol

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23
Q

Decreases blood sugar levels

A

Insulin

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24
Q

Stimulates milk secretion

A

Prolactin

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25
Q

Stimulates thyroid gland

A

TSH

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26
Q

Contraction of the uterus/ milk ejection

A

Oxytocin

27
Q

Stimulates liver to release glucose

A

Glucagon

28
Q

Decreases calcium levels in the blood

A

Calcitonin

29
Q

Regulates electrolytes and water balance

A

Aldosterone

30
Q

Stimulates adrenals, stress response

A

ACTH

31
Q

Growth/ development of 1* and 2* sex characteristics

A

Testosterone and estrogen

32
Q

Name 4 chemical messengers

A

1- neurotransmitters
2- paracrines
3- autocrines
4- cytokines

33
Q

Epinephrine is a type of __________ __________ that is secreted by the adrenal medulla

A

Amine hormone

34
Q

For __________, their intracellular communication has a type of secretion that goes in to the interstitial fluid then in to nearby ______ ____.

A

paracrines

target cells

35
Q

name the three classes of hormones

A

1- proteins/ peptides
2- steroids
3- amines

36
Q

name 3 places that secrete proteins and polypeptides

A

1- hypothalmus
2- pituitary gland
3- parathyroid gland

37
Q

amines are derivatives of _________ and are secreted by the thyroid gland and adrenal medulla

A

tyrosine

38
Q

TRH,GnRH, GRH, GHRH and somatostatinare secreted by the __________.

A

hypothalamus

39
Q

the ________ _________ gland secretes ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, PRL and GH. The posterior pituitary gland secretes _______ and _____. the pancreas secretes _______, _______ and _______. the __________ secretes the hormones gastrin,cck, secretin, GIP, somatostatin and GLP 1

A

anterior pituitary

oxytocin

ADH

Insulin

Glucagon

somatostatin

GI tract

40
Q

peptide hormones are first synthesized by the transcription process to make _____, which attaches to ribosomes and gets translated into a _________. It then gets processed in the _________ __________to result in prohormones.

A

mRNA

Preprohormone

Endoplasmic Reticulum

41
Q

the 2 more important mechanisms of action for protein hormones are the ________ ______ and _______ mechanisms.the hormones ACTH, FSH, somatostatin and the v2 receptor of ADH go through the ______ _______ and GnRH, TRH, ANG II, and the v1 receptor go through the _______ mechanisms

A

andenylyl cyclase

Phospholipid

andenylyl cyclase

Phospholipid

42
Q

name the 3 hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex

A

cortisol, aldosterone, androgens

43
Q

the hormones estrogen and progesterone are secreted by ________, ______________, _________

A

ovaries, corpus luteum and placenta

44
Q

amine hormones are secreted by which 3 glands/ tissues

A

hypothalamus, thyroid and adrenal medulla

45
Q

______ hormones increase protein synthesis and ______ hormones increase gene transcription in the cell nucleus

A

steroid

thyroid

46
Q

control of hormonal secretion is usually part of a negative feedback loop called _______ _______. endocrine gland secretions may be influenced by _______ _______ ______; that fact emphasizes the close functional relationship between the 2 systems.

A

endocrine reflexes

nervous system input

47
Q

______ feedback is the most common type of regulation and ________ feedback is the most rare. _______ feedback happens during the mid-cycle of the menstural cycle. it increases the hormones _____ and _____; during the mid cycle,a spike in LH will trigger _________. FSH and LH are secreted by the ______ _______ and in turnproduce more ________. the hormone oxytocin is also a positive feedback because it induces _________________ to deliver the baby

A

negative

positive

positive

FSH, LH

ovulation

anterior pituitary

estradiol

contractions/ labor

48
Q

one way to regulate hormone secretion is through a ___________ patern; hormones of the adrenal cortex like cortisol follow a ________ cycle.

A

cyclical (rhytmic)

24- hour

49
Q

cyclical variations are periodic variations in hormonal release that are influenced by what 4 factors?

A

1- seasonal changes
2- various stages of development & aging
3- diurnal cycle
4- sleep

50
Q

water soluble hormones are dissolved in ______ and steroid and thyroid hormones are bound to _______ ______

A

plasma

plasma proteins

51
Q

clearance of hormones from the bloodare by metabolic destruction by tissues, __________________, _________________, and __________________

A

binding with tissues

excretion by the liver into bile

urinary excretion

52
Q

the ________________ is the responsiveness of a target tissue to a hormone

A

dose-responsive relationship

53
Q

responsiveness or sensitivity of a target tissue can be changed by: changing the _______________ and changing the ______________

A

number of receptors

hormone receptor affinity

54
Q

inactivation of receptor mollecules, inactivation of the intracellular protein signaling molecules and destruction of receptors by lysosomes are examples of _________________ of hormone receptor activity

A

down- regulation

55
Q

in up-regulation, theres an increase in ________________ and increased ___________ for receptors

A

formation of receptors

signaling molecules

56
Q

hormone action begins when hormone binds to a membrane receptor to form a _______________. this -in many hormonal systems, is coupled to affector proteins by ________________.

A

hormone receptor complex

GTP-binding proteins (G- proteins)

57
Q

name the two enzymes that are affector proteins

A

adenylyl cyclase

phospholipase C

58
Q

when affector proteins are activated, second messengers like ________ or ______ are produced

A

cAMP

IP3

59
Q

G proteins are a family of membrane bound proteins that couple hormonal receptors to _______ ______. they serve as _______ ______ and are ___________, meaning they have 3 subunits: a, b, y

A

effector enzymes

molecular switches

heterotrimeric

60
Q

name the 3 major mechanisms of hormone action and second messengers:

A

1- adenylyl cyclase
2- phospholipase C
3- steroid hormone mechanisms

61
Q

the steroid and thyroid hormone mechanism has 2 types of receptors: ________ recptors and ________ receptors. steroid hormones enter the cytoplasm to bind with ________ receptors and diffuses into the nucleus to activate or inhibit _______ ___________. if the process is activated, it produces mRNA which diffuses to the cytoplasm to get translated at the ribosomes to make protein. and the __________ CHANGE OF PROTEIN MEDIATES CELLULAR FUNCTION

A

cytoplasmic

nuclear

protein

gene transcription

slow (hours/ days)

62
Q

name the 2 other mechanisms aside from the ones mentioned earlier.

A

1- steroid and thyroid hormone mechanism

2- insulin receptor mechanism

63
Q

name the 5 causes of endocrine hyper function

A 
1- neoplastic
2- autoimmune
3- iatrogenic
4- infectious/ inflammatory
5- activating receptor mutations
64
Q

neoplastic is divided into malignant, benign and ectopic. list 2 conditions/ disorders that are benign

A

1- pituitary adenoma

2- hyperparathyroidism

65
Q

the causes of decreased endocrine function are:

A 
hypofunction=
1- autoimmune- hashimotos and addisons
2-introgenic- hypothyroidism
3- infections/ inflammatory
4- hormone mutations
5- enzyme defects
6-nutrional/ vitamin deficiency- vitamin D
7- hemorrhage/ infarction- sheehan's syndrome

GIGU (6 decks)

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