SAQ 3 Flashcards
What are some excretions of metabolic waste products and where are they from?
a. Urea from protein metabolism
b. Uric acid from nucleic acid metabolism
c. Creatinine from muscle metabolism/creatine
d. Bilirubin from hemoglobin metabolism
What is the process of the regulation of Erythrocyte Production?
Decrease in oxygen delivery to kidney leads to increase in erythropoietin and that leads to an increase in erythrocyte production in bone marrow. (It’s a cycle so look at slide 7)
How does the kidney regulate arterial pressure?
a. Through excretion of varying amounts of sodium and water, and secretion of substances such as renin that lead to the formation of vasoactive products such as angiotensin II (renin-angiotensin system).
b. Also through prostaglandins and kallikrein-kinin system
c. Control of extracellular fluid volume
The medial side of each kidney contains an indented region called ___a___ through which pass the renal artery and vein, lymphatics, nerve supply, and ureter. The kidney is surrounded by a tough, fibrous ___b___ that protects the inner structures. If the kidney is cut in half from top to bottom, the 2 major regions that can be visualized are the outer ___c___ and the inner region referred to as the ___d___. The medulla is divided into multiple cone-shaped masses of tissue called ____e_____. Medulla terminates in the ___f___, which projects into the space of the renal pelvis, a funnel-shaped continuation of the upper end of the ureter. The outer border of the pelvis is divided into open-ended pouches called ___g___ that extend downward and divined into ___h___, which collect urine from tubules of each papilla. Urine is stored in the bladder and emptied through a process called ___i___.
a. Hilum
b. Capsule
c. Cortex
d. Medulla
e. Renal pyramids
f. Papilla
g. Major calyces
h. Minor calyces
i. Micturition
What are the branches of the renal artery when they enter the kidney through the hilum?
a. Interlobar arteries
b. Arcuate arteries
c. Interlobular arteries
d. Afferent arterioles.
Afferent arterioles lead to capillaries where large amounts of fluid and solutes (except plasma proteins) are filtered to begin urine formation, what are the capillaries called?
Glomerular capillaries
The distal ends of the capillaries of each glomerulus joint together (coalesce) to form ___?___.
Efferent arterioles
What veins are formed when the peritubular capillaries empty into the vessels of the venous system, which run parallel to the arteriolar vessels?
a. Interlobular vein
b. Arcuate vein
c. Interlobar vein
d. Renal vein
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, which is capable to form what substance?
Urine
What are the 2 components of the nephron?
a. Glomerulus (tuft of glomerular capillaries)
b. Long tubule (where the filtered fluid is converted into urine)
What kind of cells covers the glomerular capillaries and what encases the glomerulus?
a. Epithelia cells covers the glomerular capillaries
b. Glomerulus encased by Bowman’s capsule
What structure does fluid flow in after Bowman’s capsule?
Proximal tubule
What is the pathway of fluid in the nephron?
Glomerular capillary -> Bowman’s capsule -> proximal tubule -> loop of Henle (descending and ascending limbs) -> distal tubule -> connecting tubule -> cortical collecting tubule -> medullary collecting tubule -> collecting duct -> empty into the renal papillae.
Which limb of the loop of Henle is a thin segment and thick segment?
a. Thin segment= descending limb and lower end of ascending limb (thin segment made of simple squamous).
b. Thick segment= upper part of ascending limb (made of simple cuboidal w/ villi)
What will you find at the end of the ascending limb and near the distal tubule?
Macula densa
What is the function of the macula densa?
its a Chemoreceptor to monitor and detect the amount of sodium in filtrate
What will you find in the efferent arteriole of the kidneys?
Juxtamedullary cells (JG cells)
What is the function of JG cells?
they’re Mechanoreceptors that detect change in blood pressure. They secrete renin in response to an increase in sodium which is detected by the macula densa
Which nephrons have glomeruli and lie deep in the renal cortex near the medulla and have long loops of Henle that dip deeply into the medulla?
Juxtamedullary nephrons
What vascular structure supplies the Juxtamedullary nephrons?
Specialized peritubular capillaries called Vasa Recta (they lay side by side w/ loop of Henle)
The vasa recta returns toward the cortex and empties into what structure?
Cortical Veins
What is the name of the smooth muscle of the bladder?
Detrusor muscle
What is the nervous reflex that empties the bladder?
and explain it…
Micturition reflex (its an autonomic spinal cord reflex)
bladder fills, detrusor muscles expands, sends signals (afferent nerves) that go to your medulla and also to the parasympathetic system.The signal to the parasympathetic system elicits the response to urinate by relaxing the internal urethral sphincter and constricting the detrusor
Which micturition abnormality is known when the micturition reflex contraction can not occur if the sensory fibers from the bladder to the spinal cord are destroyed, thereby preventing transmission of stretch signals from the bladder and loses bladder control?
Atonic Bladder
Which micturition abnormality is known if the spinal cord is damaged above the sacral region but sacral cord is still intact and typical micturition reflexes can still occur?
Autonomic Bladder
