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GIGU > SAQ 2 > Flashcards

SAQ 2 Flashcards

1
Q

G cells in antrum(G17) and duodenum (G34) release ________.

what stimulates gastrin production?

what inhibits gastrin?

A

Gastrin

  • protein digestion, nervous, physical distension, calcium, decaf coffee and win e

acid in the antrum

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2
Q

the _______ activity of gastrin is responsible for growth of ______ mucosa of the stomach, duodenal mucosa and colon mucosa; gastrin secreting tumors have mucosal hyperplasia and hypertrophy

A

trophic

oxyntic

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3
Q

a gastrinoma is aka _______-______ ________; a gastrin secreting tumor of pancreas accounts for _____% or G-cell tumors in the duodenum which accounts for _____-____% and continually secretes gastrin in to blood.

  • the symptoms are ____ _____, diarrhea, steatorrhea and hypokalemia
A

Zollinger- Ellison Syndrome

80%

10-15%

duodenal ulcers

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4
Q

hypergastrinemia causes hypersecretion of _____ which presents as an increased ______ cell mass and constant stimulation of hyperplastic mucosa

A

acid

parietal

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5
Q

CCK is released from __-cells in the duodenum and jejunum. ______-____ or monoglycerides, peptides and single amino acids are the stimuli release

A

I cells

fatty- acids

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6
Q

CCK causes ________ of the gallbladder due to contraction of GB and relaxation of the sphincter of ______.

A

emptying

oddi

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7
Q

CCK inhibits gastric _______ and its pancreatic exocrine is an enzyme stimulator and weak stimulator of bicarbonate (but potentiates ______ effects)

A

emptying

secretin

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8
Q

______ is a 27- amino acid peptide that has no active fragments and is released from ___ cells of the duodenum mucosa-Acid in the duodenum and _____-____ in the duodenum stimulate the release

A

secretin

S-cells

fatty- acids

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9
Q

Secretin is aka ______’s ______; it inhibits enterogastrone, stimulates pancreatic and bile bicarbonate secretion, stimulates pepsin and has a trophic effect on exocrine pancreas

A

nature’s antacid

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10
Q

_______- ______ __________ ______ (GLIP) is a member of the secretin family that stimulates insulin release (glucose- dependent insulinotrophic peptide i.e. GIP) and inhibits gastric acid secretion (enterogastrone) and is released by duodenum and proximal jejunum

A

glucose dependant insulinotropic peptide

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11
Q

________ stimulates upper GI motility and is known as “housekeeping contractions,” released from the duodenum and proximal jejunum under neural control. It is UNRELATED to other hormones

A

Motilin

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12
Q

_________ is a peptide

  • Found in gastric/duodenal mucosa and pancreas
  • Release-stimulated by acid, inhibited by Ach
  • Inhibits release of all gut hormones
  • Directly inhibits parietal cell acid secretion
  • Mediates acid induced inhibition of gastrin release
A

Somatostatin

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13
Q

________

  • Gastrin and Ach cause release from cells in stomach
  • Stimulates acid secretion
  • Histamine H2 receptor blockers decrease Acid secretion
  • Cimetidine(Tagamet), Ranitidine (Zantac)
A

Histamine

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14
Q

_________ (hormones)

  • All GI hormones are peptides
  • Released into blood–> act on distant target cell
A

Endocrines

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15
Q

___________

  • Some are peptides, some are not
  • Endocrine cells release –>diffuse to target cells
  • Can act on endocrine cells (+ or-)
A

Paracrines

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16
Q

_________ are (neurotransmitters)

  • Some are peptides, some are not (Ach and NE)
  • Nerves release–>diffuse to target cells
A

Neurocrines

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17
Q

_____ is located in Gut mucosa and SM and Relaxes gut SM

A

VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide)

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18
Q

____ (Bombesin) is located in Gastric mucosa and it increases Gastrin Release

A

GRP (gastrin-releasing peptide)

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19
Q

___________ are located in Gut mucosa and SM and it increases SM tone

A

Enkephalins

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20
Q

saliva is Secreted by 3 major glands, what are they? and what percent is secreted by them?
–_______ (serous) ___%

–_______ (mixed)___%

–________ (mucous)___%

A

Parotid –26%

Submandibular–69%

Sublingual–5%

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21
Q 
All of the following are functons of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_:
–Keeps mouth moist for speech
–Dissolves food for tasting
–Lubricates food for swallowing
–Improves dental health
•Promotes
remineralization
•Antibacterial (salivary lysozyme &
thiocyanate
ions)
–Alpha-amylase digests starch
–Neutralizes acid (HCO3-)
A

Saliva

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22
Q 
•Stimuli for \_\_\_\_\_\_ include:
–Acid in mouth
–Irritating foods that are swallowed
–Nausea
–Chewing
–Taste sensation
–Afferents in pharynx, mouth, and olfactory
area
A

salivation

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23
Q
  • ______ is for Lubrication
  • Ptyalin (a-amylase) is for___________ digestion
  • ______ ______ is for Fat digestion
  • Kallikrein Forms _________, a strong vasodilator
  • NaHCO3 Increases pH for optimum function of ______
  • Water (99%) is a ________
A
  • Mucus
  • Carbohydrate
  • Lingual lipase
  • bradykinin
  • amylase
  • Solvent
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24
Q

Nervous system control of salivary glands
Parasympathetic: ________ flow rate (CN VII, IX)
__________: slightly increases secretion

A

increases

Sympathetic

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25
Q 
Taste reflex CN \_\_\_, IX
\_\_\_\_\_\_ reflex CN V
Olfactory reflex CN I
Auditory CN VIII
\_\_\_\_\_\_ CN II
\_\_\_\_\_\_ reflex Thinking of food
Hormonal control is because of Aldosterone
A
  • VII
  • Touch
  • Visual
  • Psychic
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26
Q 
2 types of glands for gastric secretions are:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (gastric) glands which hold:
–Mucous neck cells
–Peptic or chief cells
–Parietal cells
–HCl & IF
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  glands which hold:
–Mucus
–Gastrin
A
  • Oxyntic

- Pyloric

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27
Q

-____ Activates zymogens, Protein digestion, Immunity,
Stimulates pancreatic secretion
-_________ Inactives protease
-Mucus is for _______and Protection
-Ions(Na+,Cl-,K+,SO4,-Mg+2,HPO4-) are for Digestion
(solvent) and Buffer
-_______ factor is for B12 absorption in terminal ileum
-______(hormone) is for Gastric secretion of HCl & pepsinogen

A
  • HCl
  • Pepsinogen
  • Lubrication
  • Intrinsic
  • Gastrin
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28
Q

Pepsin (secreted as pepsinogen by ____ _____)

A

chief cells

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29
Q

Major stimuli for acid secretion:
-_____
•Gastrin
•_______

A

ACh

Histamine

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30
Q 
Major inhibitors for acid secretion:
-Prostaglandins
•Acid
•\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
•Dietary fat
•\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

Hyperglycemia

Secretin

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31
Q

Phases of gastric secretions
________ (30%):extrinsic nervous
-Think about or see food
-Parasympathetic (CN X)
-increase in pepsinogen leads to increase in gastrin
________ (60%): extrinsic nervous (VAGUS)
-Vagovagal reflex by food distention (mechanical)
-increase in pepsinogen, increase in HCL
________ (10%): intrinsic humoral
-Food in intestine (products of protein digestion)
- increase in gastrin stimulates gastric secretion

A
  • Cephalic
  • Gastric
  • Intestinal
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32
Q

Cephalic phase- “psychic phase;”
parasympathetic fibers in branches of the ______
nerve conduct stimulating efferent impulses to
the______; stimulate production of gastrin

A
  • vagus

- glands

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33
Q 
Gastric phase–
food in stomach elicits increased secretion; greatest effects with protein and peptides (also alcohol and caffeine); these changes are mediated by:
–\_\_\_\_\_ nerve
–\_\_\_\_\_\_ reflex
–Gastrin
A

Vagus

Stretch

34
Q

Intestinal phase–
various mechanisms seem to adjust gastric secretion as
chyme passes through the intestinal tract; _______reflexes involving gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), secretin, cholecystokinin-pancreozymin inhibit gastric secretions

A

endocrine

35
Q

Proteases
______–>Proteins to peptides
chymotypsin–>Proteins to peptides
__________–> Peptides to amino acids

A
  • trypsin

- carboxypeptidase

36
Q

Lipases
-phospholipases A & B –>Phospholipids to phospahtes
,FA, & glycerol
-_______–>Cholesterol esters to free cholesterol
-_______–>TGs to FA & glycerol

A
  • esterases

- lipases

37
Q

Nucleases

 - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_-->RNA to ribonucleotides
 - deoxyribonuclease-->\_\_\_\_ to deoxyribonucleotides
A
  • ribonuclease

- DNA

38
Q

pancreatic secretions are controlled by ______ which evokes production of pancreatic fluid low in enzyme content but high in NaHCO 3 content; potent stimulation by the presence of acid in the duodenum

A

Secretin

39
Q

other pancreatic controls are ______; and ___ which has several functions:
–Increase exocrine secretions high in enzyme content
–Opposes the influence of gastrin on gastric parietal
cells
–Stimulates contraction of the gallbladder

A
  • Acetylcholine

- CCK

40
Q

phases of pancreatic secretions:
_______ phase
–Sight & smell via vagus nerve
–Low HCO3, high protein concentration
_______ phase
–Induced by gastric distension
–Low HCO3, high protein concentration
–Via vagal reflex or gastrin
_______ phase
–Secretin (S cells) is released due to acidic chyme
–CCK (I cells) is released due to presence of chyme, particularly proteoses, peptones, long
-chain FA

A

Cephalic

Gastric

Intestinal

41
Q

Bile is composed of:
-_____ ____–major stimulus for enhanced bile secretion
•_____ _______–chief bile pigment is bilirubin
•Cholesterol
•Triglycerides
•__________, such as lecithin
•Water & electrolytes (except Ca+2) are reabsorbed
Only bile salts and phospholipids aid in digestion.

A
  • Bile salts
  • Bile pigments
  • Phospholipids
42
Q

_______ ______ are Synthesized from cholesterol

and their Function is fat absorption

A

Bile Salts

43
Q

all of the following contribute to the formation of _____ _______:
-Cholesterol dissolution is proportional to lecithin concentration
•Cholesterol stones–50-75% cholesterol
•Pigment stones–calcium bilirubinate; 48% cholesterol

A

Gall Stones

44
Q

________ gland (duodenum)– secretes alkaline mucus in response to:

  • Tactile or irritating stimuli on duodenal mucosa
  • Vagal stimulation
  • GI hormones, esp. secretin

** and are inhibited by SP stimulation

A

Brunner’s

45
Q

Crypts of_______ hold:
-Goblet cells–mucus
-Enterocytes–water & electrolytes which are
reabsorbed by the villi along with end products
of digestion; these cells also contain digestive
enzymes:
Peptidases–small peptides into amino acids
-Sucrase, maltase,isomaltase, and lactase
-Intestinal lipase–neutral fats into glycerol and FAs

A

Lieberkuhn

46
Q

Control of intestinal secretion
–_______: direct stimulation causes the
release of mucus and ions
–Pelvic splanchnic nerves: pΣ to distal half
causes mucous secretion & peristaltic motility
–Hormonal (________)
•Decreases Na+ and Cl- secretion
•________K+ secretion

A
  • Tactile
  • Aldosterone
  • Increases
47
Q

______digestion – consists of all the physical movements of the digestive tract breaking apart the food particles into smaller particles.

A

Mechanical

48
Q

_______ digestion – consists of all the changes in chemical composition that foods undergo in their travel through the digestive tract

A

Chemical

49
Q

Carbohydrates account for approx. __% of ingested calories, Present in straight and branched chains

A

50%

50
Q

Three major sources of carbohydrates in the human diet are:
–_________
–_________
–Starches

A
  • Sucrose

- Lactose

51
Q

Pancreatic ________ has its Highest concentration in the duodenal lumen and it Rapidly hydrolyzes starch to oligosaccharides, maltose, and maltotriose

A

amylase

52
Q

_________ hydrolases
Present in the brush border w/ highest concentration in the mid-jejunum and proximal ileum. ________ is the rate-limiting step in digestion/absorption

A
  • Oligosaccharide

- Hydrolysis

53
Q

carbohydrates are absorbed via _______ transport

  • _______ is absorbed in the duodenum and proximal jejunum
  • fructose is absorbed by ______ diffusion
  • ______ follows movement of carbs
  • some carbohydrate movement is by _______ drag
A
  • active
  • Glucose
  • Facilitated
  • water
  • solvent
54
Q

Protein is largely digested by _____ _____ monomers.

A

amino acid

55
Q

during gastric digestioon of protein ____-___% of protein is broken down to amino acids

A

-10-20%

56
Q

during gastric digestion ______ splits proteins into proteases, peptones, and large polypeptides

  • it also has the ability to digest collagen
A

–Pepsin

57
Q

during intestinal digestion (80-90%) protein digestion occurs in the upper small intestine (_______ and ______) due to ______ enzymes

A

duodenum

jejunum

pancreatic

58
Q

Pancreatic enzymes that act on protein during intestinal digestion are:
•______ & Chymotrypsin which digest proteins into peptides
•___________which cleaves from C-terminus (carboxyl end of of polypeptides)
•_______ which convertes to elastase, digesting elastin fibers

A

Trypsin

Carboxypeptidase

Proelastase

59
Q

Peptides are digested by ___________. aminopolypeptidase and dipeptidase can be found in the _____ border of enterocytes

A

peptidases

Brush

60
Q

tripeptides and dipeptides are broken down to _____ _____ and 99% are absorbed Inside the ______.

A
  • amino acids

- cytosol.

61
Q

Is Pepsin essential in protein digestion? if not, why?

A

Not essential

-its not essential because of the other enzymes further down the digestive tract that can break the protein down without the help of pepsin

62
Q

during protein absorption Amino acid is absorbed which is a Rate-limiting step and is dependent on _____ ______sodium-linked carriers. Amino acids appear rapidly in the _____ _____ system

A

Active transport

hepatic portal

63
Q

In the human diet Fat is mostly _________ (neutral fats) and then there is a small ammount of ________, ________, and cholesterol esters

A

triglycerides

phospholipids

cholesterol

64
Q

During the gastric digestion of fat digestion normally occurs in the _______. Normally accounts for 10% of fat hydrolysis through ______ and _______ lipase and the emulsifies and slowly empties chyme into small intestine

A

stomach

gastric

lingual

65
Q

during intestinal digestion fats are Solubilized in the duodenum by ______, bile salts, and ______ _____. Most fat absorbed by the time chyme reaches ___-_______.

A

lecithin

fatty acids

mid-jejunum

66
Q

during intestinal digestion of fat pancreatic _____ causes luminal concentration peaking within the _____ hour after a meal and the emulsifying agents enhance contact.

A

lipase

first

67
Q

Bile salts Enter duodenum with ________ contraction usually within 30 minutes of a meal and aggregate with monoglycerides to form _______.

A

Gallbladder

micelles

68
Q

FAs and monoglycerides associated with micelles absorb in intestinal lumen through ________ and are used to synthesize ________ in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

diffusion

triglycerides

69
Q

Fatty globules are combined with proteins to form _________ within the______ apparatus and then migrate to the _______ membrane and enter a _______.

A
  • chylomicrons
  • Golgi
  • Basal
  • Lacteal
70
Q

•Steatorrhea–Excessive fat in the stool.
what can cause this?
–______ tract disease decreases fat absorption by 50%
–______ deficiency decreases fat absorption by 66% (if lipase activity is decreased)
–_____ defect causes bile salt malabsorption

A
  • Biliary
  • Pancreatic
  • IIleal
71
Q

during nucleic acid digestion DNA and RNA are ________ to their nucleotide monomers by________ Nucleases. Nucleotides are then broken apart by intestinal______ _______enzymes (nucleosidases and phosphatases), releasing the free bases, pentose sugars, and phosphate ions

A
  • hydrolyzed
  • pancreatic
  • brush border
72
Q

during nucleic acid absorption _____ sugars, nitrogenous bases, and _______ ions are transported actively across the epithelium by special carriers in the _____epithelium, then entering the blood

A

Pentose

phosphate

villus

73
Q

during electrolyte absorption (coming from ingested food and GI secretions) ions are absorbed along the entire length of the _____ _______. However,_____and______absorption is largely limited to the duodenum

A

small intestine

iron

calcium

74
Q

during electrolyte absorption Active transport of Na+
out of cell (into blood) pulls Na+ in from______ border of
intestine. some ______ is absorbed with Na+

A

brush

chloride

75
Q

during electrolyte absorption K+ move across intestinal mucosa by_______ diffusion (or via “______” tight
junctions) in response to changing osmotic gradients.K+
absorption decreases if water absorption is hindered, as in _________

A

facilitated

leaky

diarrhea

76
Q

Iron and calcium absorption is intimately related to the body’s need for them; Ionic iron (____ ion is absorbed better than ferric ion) is actively transported into mucosal cells, binding to ferritin; The intracellular iron- ______complexes serve as local storehouses for iron

A

ferrous

ferritin

77
Q

Calcium absorption is also intimately related to the body’s need for them; its Locally regulated by the active form of ______ __, which acts as a cofactor to
facilitate active calcium absorption; ____ stimulates activation of vitamin D by the kidneys

A

vitamin D

PTH

78
Q

Approximately __ L of water, mostly derived from GI secretions, enter the small intestine daily; Absorbed mostly by _______ via transcellular and __________
pathways; Normal rate of water absorption is 300-400
ml/hour

A

9

osmosis

paracellular

79
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins (A,D, E, K) are absorbed
in similar fashion as fat; Most water-soluble vitamins (B vitamins and vitamin C) are absorbed easily by _____ or via active or passive transporters, except B12
–B12 binds to R proteins produced by ______
–R protein -B12 complex hydrolyzed by __________
enzymes; B12 binds with IF
–B12–IF complex binds to receptor site triggering
endocytosis

A

diffusion

saliva

pancreatic

80
Q

Regulation of Absorption/Secretion:
•__________ regulate small intestine, colonic fluid, and electrolyte transport
•Opiates stimulate Na absorption and inhibit secretion in ileum
•_______stimulates Na absorption and decreases motility
•________ increase Na and Cl absorption

A

Glucocorticoids

Somatostatin

Cholinergics

81
Q

Regulation of Absorption/Secretion
•VIP stimulates fluid secretion via cAMP
•_______ reduces water absorption
•Secretin/____ decrease Na, K, & Cl absorption in jejunum
•Toxins stimulate cAMP and thereby ______ Na and water absorption
•Aldosterone

A

Gastrin

CCK

decrease

GIGU (6 decks)

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