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Sanjna - CP - Flashcards

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1
Q

If a person drank a lot of salt water what would happen?

A

hypertonic = greater conc of solutes outside of cell, causes water to move from cell to outside environment, cell shrinks

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2
Q

What are the other collagtive properties?

A

Reducing vapor pressure makes it harder for Patm to equal Pvapor which makes the boiling point higher; adding solute to water raises the bp and lowers the mp

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3
Q

What are the types of separations and how do they work?

A

Separations are different than analytic techniques

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4
Q

Why do acids have higher boiling points?

A

understand througoulgy all the separation procedures and also that H bonding leads to higher bp

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5
Q

What is torque?

A

Torque = Fdsin (theta)

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6
Q

What is the equation for torque?

A

Increasing distance and force increases torque

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7
Q

How does a titration work/what are you trying to find given what parameters?

A

N(a)V(a) = N(b)V(b) = moles; equivalence points is steep part of titration curve; take into account polyprotic species

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8
Q

how many micro moles in one mole?

A

how to convert between all types of units, how to solve for a mass given a molarity and volume.

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9
Q

Give an example of newton’s third law?

A

Newton’s laws explicitly

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10
Q

How do resistors add in series vs parallel? How does current different in series vs parallel? How is voltage different in series vs parallel?

A

The equations for cicuits: Power, Ohm’s Law and how each one differs if it is series vs parallel.

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11
Q

How would you make an aldehyde into a primary alchohol?

A

reducing agents vs oxidizing agents

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12
Q

What are examples of other steroid molecules?

A

Aldosterone and Estrogen are steroid signaling molecules

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13
Q

What does each type of enzyme do?

A

Enzyme classificaton: oxidoreductases, trasferases, lyases, isomerase, hydrolases, Ligases

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14
Q

what does return to baseline mean?

A

Use process of elimination if you are stuck on a data analysis question; baseline = original before variable wa presented

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15
Q

How does the ETC work?

A

In ETC, electrons passed from species with less red potential to more positive red potential. O2 is final acceptor and has highest red potential.

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16
Q

IF keq is greater than 1 is the reaction spontaneous?

A

PAY ATTENTION TO UNITS

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17
Q

What are the other collagtive properties?

A

Reducing vapor pressure makes it harder for Patm to equal Pvapor which makes the boiling point higher; adding solute to water raises the bp and lowers the mp

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18
Q

When can total internal reflection result?

A

angle of incidence = angle of reflection; when entering a more dense medium light will bend toward normal (angle of refraction will be lower than angle of incidence and angle of reflection)

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19
Q

If glycine residues wanted to dimerize which solvent would be the best?

A

If the dimer wanting to be formed is made up of non polar molecules, a non polar solvent would be the least favorable and a very polar solvent would be the most favorable

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20
Q

Is F a EDG or EWG and how does it affect the nucleophilic ability?

A

Electron rich molecules = nucleophiles for covalent bonds and bases when bond to H is formed (ex. amine is a good nucleophiles due to lone pair of electron) Molecules bound to highly electronegative atoms and near pi bonds allow for better nucleophiles

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21
Q

What are the types of separations and how do they work?

A

Separations are different than analytic techniques

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22
Q

Why do acids have higher boiling points?

A

understand througoulgy all the separation procedures and also that H bonding leads to higher bp

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23
Q

What does a capacitor do?

A

Metal oxides are solid at room temp; opaque means not trasparent

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24
Q

What is torque?

A

Torque = Fdsin (theta)

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25
Q

What is the equation for torque?

A

Increasing distance and force increases torque

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26
Q

How does a titration work/what are you trying to find given what parameters?

A

N(a)V(a) = N(b)V(b) = moles; equivalence points is steep part of titration curve; take into account polyprotic species

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27
Q

how many micro moles in one mole?

A

how to convert between all types of units, how to solve for a mass given a molarity and volume.

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28
Q

Give an example of newton’s third law?

A

Newton’s laws explicitly

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29
Q

How do resistors add in series vs parallel? How does current different in series vs parallel? How is voltage different in series vs parallel?

A

The equations for cicuits: Power, Ohm’s Law and how each one differs if it is series vs parallel.

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30
Q

How would you make an aldehyde into a primary alchohol?

A

reducing agents vs oxidizing agents

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31
Q

What are examples of other steroid molecules?

A

Aldosterone and Estrogen are steroid signaling molecules

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32
Q

What does each type of enzyme do?

A

Enzyme classificaton: oxidoreductases, trasferases, lyases, isomerase, hydrolases, Ligases

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33
Q

what does return to baseline mean?

A

Use process of elimination if you are stuck on a data analysis question; baseline = original before variable wa presented

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34
Q

How does the ETC work?

A

In ETC, electrons passed from species with less red potential to more positive red potential. O2 is final acceptor and has highest red potential.

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35
Q

IF keq is greater than 1 is the reaction spontaneous?

A

PAY ATTENTION TO UNITS

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36
Q

Work on systematic approach to problems;

A

Work on systematic approach to problems;

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37
Q

When can total internal reflection result?

A

angle of incidence = angle of reflection; when entering a more dense medium light will bend toward normal (angle of refraction will be lower than angle of incidence and angle of reflection)

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38
Q

If glycine residues wanted to dimerize which solvent would be the best?

A

If the dimer wanting to be formed is made up of non polar molecules, a non polar solvent would be the least favorable and a very polar solvent would be the most favorable

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39
Q

Is F a EDG or EWG and how does it affect the nucleophilic ability?

A

Electron rich molecules = nucleophiles for covalent bonds and bases when bond to H is formed (ex. amine is a good nucleophiles due to lone pair of electron) Molecules bound to highly electronegative atoms and near pi bonds allow for better nucleophiles

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40
Q

EWG are not always stabilizing; they stabilize nucleophiles but destablize carbocations

A

EWG are not always stabilizing; they stabilize nucleophiles but destablize carbocations

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41
Q

linear vs inverse vs exponential vs sigmoidal

A

linear vs inverse vs exponential vs sigmoidal

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42
Q

What does a capacitor do?

A

Metal oxides are solid at room temp; opaque means not trasparent

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43
Q

How would you solve for partial pressure given moles of gas over moles of gas total and Ptotal

A

partial pressure = (x(gas))(Ptotal)

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44
Q

What does the sigmoidal shape signify

A

hb is cooperative binding with oxygen which does homotropic regulation

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45
Q

volume of a mass of air is not constant which means in depth changes the desities change in air but not in liquid

A

volume of a mass of air is not constant which means in depth changes the desities change in air but not in liquid

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46
Q

pick the ans choice you can defend the most

A

pick the ans choice you can defend the most

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47
Q

What is an analog in the context of a passage?

A

read carefully, analog is a substrate not the actual inhibitor

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48
Q

What are different equations for work?

A

Work is the change in KE so you can use conservation of energy equation

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49
Q

What is the equation for energy in photoelectric effect?

A

E = hc/lambda

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50
Q

what is beta plus and beta minus decay?

A

positron emitted during beta decay carries a charge attracted to B minus particle

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51
Q

what does higher ka mean? what does higher pka mean?

A

higher ka = more acidic

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52
Q

What is the centripetal force formula?

A

centripetal force = mv^2/r; V = 2pir/T; t = 1/f

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53
Q

when (15)/(.1 *20) = (3/4)(.1)

A

when (15)/(.1 *20) = (3/4)(.1)

54
Q

What is pka on a titration curve?

A

pka is half equivalence point on graph

55
Q

What is the equivalence point on a curve also known as?

A

isoelectric point = equivalence point on graph or midpoing of two pka regions

56
Q

positron emitted during beta decay carries a charge attracted to B minus particle

A

positron emitted during beta decay carries a charge attracted to B minus particle

57
Q

WHat is the formula for mechanical advantage?

A

mechanical adv = hypotenuse/height

58
Q

What is current in parallel circuit? What is resistance? Capacitance? Voltage?

A

even if you unscrew a parallel bulb from a series it won’t make a difference if the parallel light goes out

59
Q

what is the bicarb buffer system?

A

hydrolysis of CO2 means more acidic because makes carbonic acid

60
Q

didn’t know PH could be negative or above 14

A

didn’t know PH could be negative or above 14

61
Q

fluid velocity increases when area decreases (so cloggin) so pressure decreases for fluids (not for gases)

A

fluid velocity increases when area decreases (so cloggin) so pressure decreases for fluids (not for gases)

62
Q

what happens to flow rate if you increase area? What happends to velocity if you increase area?

A

flow rate = velocity times cross sectional area

63
Q

what complex changes pyuvate into acetyl coA? What type of reaction is this?

A

pyruvate helps with krebs cycle and aerobic respiration

64
Q

If entropy changes from 7 to 6 did it increase disorder or decrease?

A

larger delta s = increase in entropy; positive delta h = endothermic; positive delta g = nonspontaneous reaction

65
Q

1 kcal = 1000 cal

A

know what you are solving for by reading carefully before starting to do the math

66
Q

have to go from higher to lower energy level to emit light; visibile light spectrum is 400-700 nm and 1/(delta E) gives you wavelength of light emitted.

A

have to go from higher to lower energy level to emit light; visibile light spectrum is 400-700 nm and 1/(delta E) gives you wavelength of light emitted.

67
Q

what happens to orignial atomic mass in radioactive decay?

A

atomic mass is negliligble in beta plus and minus decay; not the same as as percentage of a certain isotope left

68
Q

pick the answer that most directly answers the question

A

pick the answer that most directly answers the question

69
Q

how would you solve for concentration in a weak acid equation?

A

for weak acids/bases, have to write out equation and given ka need to solve for x

70
Q

how do you find limiting reagent?

A

when given solving for percent yield or final amount of anything remember to find limiting reagent; remember to pay attention when given density mass or volume

71
Q

what does an ending in a signify

A

-al = aldehyde ; two o’s and acid = usually carboxlic acid

72
Q

what is a decarboxylation reaction?

A

co2 and hcl = adding a carboxylic acid

73
Q

practice more with skill 4 questions

A

practice more with skill 4 questions

74
Q

What are the branches in glycogen? What is type of linkage in carbohydrates?

A

if an enzyme is debranching it breaks down the 1,6 linkages not the 1,4 linear linkages and therefore won’t affect the 1,4 activity; ex. starch

75
Q

what characterizes refractory period of AP?

A

movement of sodium ions into neuron = depolarization = atrial and ventricular contraction

76
Q

What does a high ksp mean?

A

higher ksp means more soluble so lower ksp means more precipitate

77
Q

when you can’t solve for something using a formula you know, try to think of other ways that might work

A

when you can’t solve for something using a formula you know, try to think of other ways that might work

78
Q

what is conservation of energy formula?

A

solve for PE to get total energy when given height

79
Q

calculation error = be careful with units and calculations

A

calculation error = be careful with units and calculations

80
Q

What units is temperature in PV = nRT equation

A

need to convert to kelvin for PV = nRT calculations

81
Q

What happens to velocity when you change direction?

A

constant speed after a collision and constant velocity if not changing direction

82
Q

what are the enzymes and steps involved in gluconeogenesis

A

glugoneogensis makes glucose from pyruvate

83
Q

didn’t read chart closely enough

A

didn’t read chart closely enough

84
Q

look closely for details

A

look closely for details

85
Q

What does an EWG mean for a base?

A

EDG = makes for stronger base with lower pkb

86
Q

look for equation substituions when stuck

A

look for equation substituions when stuck

87
Q

if the passage has the information don’t overanalyze- stick with what the passage says

A

if the passage has the information don’t overanalyze- stick with what the passage says

88
Q

what are the kinematic equations?

A

d = v(o)t + 1/2at^2

89
Q

What does uncoupling a kinetic motion energy transfer chain do?

A

uncoupling kinetic chain = decrease energy transfer ; decrease in efficiency of transfer = more energy prone

90
Q

What are the SI units?

A

to get total efficiency multiply the efficiency’s together; kg are SI units, not grams

91
Q

What is lower vs higher efficiency?

A

efficiency = energy out- energy in

92
Q

Is higher or lower entropy energetically favorable?

A

Entropic penalty refers to the thermodynamically disfavored requirement of forming a cage of polar solvent molecules around surface-exposed hydrophobic portions of a molecule.

93
Q

What are the strongest and weakest IM forces?

A

greater surface area = increases IM interactions; london dispersion forces = instantaneous dipoles and also induced dipoles (polar and nonpolar)

94
Q

Are gases more soluble in hot or cold water?

A

gases are more soluble in cold water than hot water; pasteurization =heating

95
Q

Practice caluclation molar solubility from disassociation of ferrous hydroxide

A

can calculate molar solubility from ksp

96
Q

What is room temp and physiological ph?

A

room temp = 17-25 degrees C

97
Q

What is HNMR used for?

A

HNMR : downfield = deshielding = towards 7-8 (left shift); upfield = shielding = right shift

98
Q

What is the formula for specific rotation of enantiomers?

A

Mixture = (x)(R enantiomer specific rotation)+ (1-x)(S enatiomer specific rotation)

99
Q

What happens at half equivlance?

A

at half equivalence, ph = pka and amount of orgininnal = amount of it’s conjugate ( A- = HA)

100
Q

What is concentration of H+ at Ph of 6

A

ka.kb = 10^-14 at 25 degrees water; ka disassocation = (A-)(H+)/(HA)

101
Q

Ocean currents move heat within the ocean system via convection.

A

Ocean currents move heat within the ocean system via convection.

102
Q

read graph carefully and calculate carefully

A

read graph carefully and calculate carefully

103
Q

What are fatty acids? What are triglycerides? What are unsaturated fatty acid melting point compared to saturated?

A

fatty acids have long hydrocarbon tails and carboxylic acid head

104
Q

What are isomers?

A

no same molecular formula = not isomers; epimer is one of a pair of stereoisomers. The two isomers differ in configuration at only one stereogenic center.

105
Q

read q stem closely

A

read q stem closely

106
Q

What is phase difference?

A

v = freq * wavelength

107
Q

always check for units in answer choices!!!

A

always check for units in answer choices!!!

108
Q

What is a combsution reaction?

A

combustion reaction is just when o2 is added to produce co2 and water; it can include alcohols not only hydrocarbons

109
Q

How do you find the number of possible stereoisomers?

A

2^n where n = number of chrial centers is the number of stereoisomers

110
Q

which direction do electric field lines pont?

A

electric field lines go from positive to negative ; axon is negative

111
Q

What varibales are needed to calculate R?

A

potential, resistance per unit length and length are needed to calculate current

112
Q

How does barametric pressure work?

A

outside pressure = inside pressure + liquid pressure; barometer: if inside fluid level is higher then outside pressure is more

113
Q

ka/ko = 1 which is no competition by other substances

A

ka/ko = 1 which is no competition by other substances

114
Q

What is archimede’s principle?

A

Archimede’s principle = (density of object)/(density of liquid submerged) = Weight of air / (weight of air - weight of submerged fluid)

115
Q

Which amino acids have carboxylate groups?

A

The acidic amino acids have side chains with carboxylate

116
Q

What does adding a strong acid to a dissociation of weak acid do?

A

adding a strong acid to a solution of weak acid decreases the percent ionization of the weak acid

117
Q

What are the basic structures of the amino acids?

A

structure of aspartate has extra cooh group, structure of arginine has an amide group

118
Q

What are the assumptions of ideal gases?

A
  1. gas has large number of molecules which are in random motion and obey newton’s laws of motion; 2. volume of molecules are very small compared to volume occupied by gas; 3. no forces act on the molecules except during elastic collisions of negligible duration
119
Q

What do opsins do?

A

they enable the detection of different colors

120
Q

How do you read R33G as an amino acid?

A

R33G = arginine replaced with glycine in position 33

121
Q

What are the formulas for light and vision? What kind of lens is used to correct myopia?

A

1/f = 1/o + 1/i ; m = -i/o; diverging concave lens

122
Q

What are the units for Newtons? Joules?

A

N = (kg.m)/s^2; 1 J = N.m

123
Q

What does sp2 hybridization look like?

A

AX3 carbons with one double bond = sp2 hybridized

124
Q

When will aromatic side chains give best absorbance singal?

A

will give largest absorbance signal when part of a fully folded protein

125
Q

Which part of ATP participates in phosphate transfers?

A

phosphoryl transfer of kinases comes from the gamma phosphate of ATP

126
Q

What is the ksp equation for CaCO3?

A

don’t put solids in ksp equations

127
Q

if you want to produce 1.5 moles of something and you have an ideal gas at STP how many liters would you need

A

molar volume of an ideal gas at STP = 22.4 L/mol

128
Q

What is the formula for sound intensities?

A

ratio of minimum sound intensities of 40dB and 20dB = 40-20 = 20 divided by 10 which equals 2. 10^2 equals 100

129
Q

What type of images do diverging lenses produce?

A

diverging lenses = concave = virtual and reduced images always ; myopia (nearsightedness) = diverging lenses

130
Q

What type of energy changes occur in a battery powered resistive cirucit when current is flowing?

A

battery powered resistive circuit when current is flowing = chemical to electircal to thermal energy

Sanjna's MCAT Flashcards (4 decks)

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