Sanjna - CP - Flashcards
1
Q
If a person drank a lot of salt water what would happen?
A
hypertonic = greater conc of solutes outside of cell, causes water to move from cell to outside environment, cell shrinks
2
Q
What are the other collagtive properties?
A
Reducing vapor pressure makes it harder for Patm to equal Pvapor which makes the boiling point higher; adding solute to water raises the bp and lowers the mp
3
Q
What are the types of separations and how do they work?
A
Separations are different than analytic techniques
4
Q
Why do acids have higher boiling points?
A
understand througoulgy all the separation procedures and also that H bonding leads to higher bp
5
Q
What is torque?
A
Torque = Fdsin (theta)
6
Q
What is the equation for torque?
A
Increasing distance and force increases torque
7
Q
How does a titration work/what are you trying to find given what parameters?
A
N(a)V(a) = N(b)V(b) = moles; equivalence points is steep part of titration curve; take into account polyprotic species
8
Q
how many micro moles in one mole?
A
how to convert between all types of units, how to solve for a mass given a molarity and volume.
9
Q
Give an example of newton’s third law?
A
Newton’s laws explicitly
10
Q
How do resistors add in series vs parallel? How does current different in series vs parallel? How is voltage different in series vs parallel?
A
The equations for cicuits: Power, Ohm’s Law and how each one differs if it is series vs parallel.
11
Q
How would you make an aldehyde into a primary alchohol?
A
reducing agents vs oxidizing agents
12
Q
What are examples of other steroid molecules?
A
Aldosterone and Estrogen are steroid signaling molecules
13
Q
What does each type of enzyme do?
A
Enzyme classificaton: oxidoreductases, trasferases, lyases, isomerase, hydrolases, Ligases
14
Q
what does return to baseline mean?
A
Use process of elimination if you are stuck on a data analysis question; baseline = original before variable wa presented
15
Q
How does the ETC work?
A
In ETC, electrons passed from species with less red potential to more positive red potential. O2 is final acceptor and has highest red potential.
16
Q
IF keq is greater than 1 is the reaction spontaneous?
A
PAY ATTENTION TO UNITS
17
Q
What are the other collagtive properties?
A
Reducing vapor pressure makes it harder for Patm to equal Pvapor which makes the boiling point higher; adding solute to water raises the bp and lowers the mp
18
Q
When can total internal reflection result?
A
angle of incidence = angle of reflection; when entering a more dense medium light will bend toward normal (angle of refraction will be lower than angle of incidence and angle of reflection)
19
Q
If glycine residues wanted to dimerize which solvent would be the best?
A
If the dimer wanting to be formed is made up of non polar molecules, a non polar solvent would be the least favorable and a very polar solvent would be the most favorable
20
Q
Is F a EDG or EWG and how does it affect the nucleophilic ability?
A
Electron rich molecules = nucleophiles for covalent bonds and bases when bond to H is formed (ex. amine is a good nucleophiles due to lone pair of electron) Molecules bound to highly electronegative atoms and near pi bonds allow for better nucleophiles
21
Q
What are the types of separations and how do they work?
A
Separations are different than analytic techniques
22
Q
Why do acids have higher boiling points?
A
understand througoulgy all the separation procedures and also that H bonding leads to higher bp
23
Q
What does a capacitor do?
A
Metal oxides are solid at room temp; opaque means not trasparent
24
Q
What is torque?
A
Torque = Fdsin (theta)
25
What is the equation for torque?
Increasing distance and force increases torque
26
How does a titration work/what are you trying to find given what parameters?
N(a)V(a) = N(b)V(b) = moles; equivalence points is steep part of titration curve; take into account polyprotic species
27
how many micro moles in one mole?
how to convert between all types of units, how to solve for a mass given a molarity and volume.
28
Give an example of newton's third law?
Newton's laws explicitly
29
How do resistors add in series vs parallel? How does current different in series vs parallel? How is voltage different in series vs parallel?
The equations for cicuits: Power, Ohm's Law and how each one differs if it is series vs parallel.
30
How would you make an aldehyde into a primary alchohol?
reducing agents vs oxidizing agents
31
What are examples of other steroid molecules?
Aldosterone and Estrogen are steroid signaling molecules
32
What does each type of enzyme do?
Enzyme classificaton: oxidoreductases, trasferases, lyases, isomerase, hydrolases, Ligases
33
what does return to baseline mean?
Use process of elimination if you are stuck on a data analysis question; baseline = original before variable wa presented
34
How does the ETC work?
In ETC, electrons passed from species with less red potential to more positive red potential. O2 is final acceptor and has highest red potential.
35
IF keq is greater than 1 is the reaction spontaneous?
PAY ATTENTION TO UNITS
36
Work on systematic approach to problems;
Work on systematic approach to problems;
37
When can total internal reflection result?
angle of incidence = angle of reflection; when entering a more dense medium light will bend toward normal (angle of refraction will be lower than angle of incidence and angle of reflection)
38
If glycine residues wanted to dimerize which solvent would be the best?
If the dimer wanting to be formed is made up of non polar molecules, a non polar solvent would be the least favorable and a very polar solvent would be the most favorable
39
Is F a EDG or EWG and how does it affect the nucleophilic ability?
Electron rich molecules = nucleophiles for covalent bonds and bases when bond to H is formed (ex. amine is a good nucleophiles due to lone pair of electron) Molecules bound to highly electronegative atoms and near pi bonds allow for better nucleophiles
40
EWG are not always stabilizing; they stabilize nucleophiles but destablize carbocations
EWG are not always stabilizing; they stabilize nucleophiles but destablize carbocations
41
linear vs inverse vs exponential vs sigmoidal
linear vs inverse vs exponential vs sigmoidal
42
What does a capacitor do?
Metal oxides are solid at room temp; opaque means not trasparent
43
How would you solve for partial pressure given moles of gas over moles of gas total and Ptotal
partial pressure = (x(gas))(Ptotal)
44
What does the sigmoidal shape signify
hb is cooperative binding with oxygen which does homotropic regulation
45
volume of a mass of air is not constant which means in depth changes the desities change in air but not in liquid
volume of a mass of air is not constant which means in depth changes the desities change in air but not in liquid
46
pick the ans choice you can defend the most
pick the ans choice you can defend the most
47
What is an analog in the context of a passage?
read carefully, analog is a substrate not the actual inhibitor
48
What are different equations for work?
Work is the change in KE so you can use conservation of energy equation
49
What is the equation for energy in photoelectric effect?
E = hc/lambda
50
what is beta plus and beta minus decay?
positron emitted during beta decay carries a charge attracted to B minus particle
51
what does higher ka mean? what does higher pka mean?
higher ka = more acidic
52
What is the centripetal force formula?
centripetal force = mv^2/r; V = 2pir/T; t = 1/f
53
when (15)/(.1 *20) = (3/4)(.1)
when (15)/(.1 *20) = (3/4)(.1)
54
What is pka on a titration curve?
pka is half equivalence point on graph
55
What is the equivalence point on a curve also known as?
isoelectric point = equivalence point on graph or midpoing of two pka regions
56
positron emitted during beta decay carries a charge attracted to B minus particle
positron emitted during beta decay carries a charge attracted to B minus particle
57
WHat is the formula for mechanical advantage?
mechanical adv = hypotenuse/height
58
What is current in parallel circuit? What is resistance? Capacitance? Voltage?
even if you unscrew a parallel bulb from a series it won't make a difference if the parallel light goes out
59
what is the bicarb buffer system?
hydrolysis of CO2 means more acidic because makes carbonic acid
60
didn't know PH could be negative or above 14
didn't know PH could be negative or above 14
61
fluid velocity increases when area decreases (so cloggin) so pressure decreases for fluids (not for gases)
fluid velocity increases when area decreases (so cloggin) so pressure decreases for fluids (not for gases)
62
what happens to flow rate if you increase area? What happends to velocity if you increase area?
flow rate = velocity times cross sectional area
63
what complex changes pyuvate into acetyl coA? What type of reaction is this?
pyruvate helps with krebs cycle and aerobic respiration
64
If entropy changes from 7 to 6 did it increase disorder or decrease?
larger delta s = increase in entropy; positive delta h = endothermic; positive delta g = nonspontaneous reaction
65
1 kcal = 1000 cal
know what you are solving for by reading carefully before starting to do the math
66
have to go from higher to lower energy level to emit light; visibile light spectrum is 400-700 nm and 1/(delta E) gives you wavelength of light emitted.
have to go from higher to lower energy level to emit light; visibile light spectrum is 400-700 nm and 1/(delta E) gives you wavelength of light emitted.
67
what happens to orignial atomic mass in radioactive decay?
atomic mass is negliligble in beta plus and minus decay; not the same as as percentage of a certain isotope left
68
pick the answer that most directly answers the question
pick the answer that most directly answers the question
69
how would you solve for concentration in a weak acid equation?
for weak acids/bases, have to write out equation and given ka need to solve for x
70
how do you find limiting reagent?
when given solving for percent yield or final amount of anything remember to find limiting reagent; remember to pay attention when given density mass or volume
71
what does an ending in a signify
-al = aldehyde ; two o's and acid = usually carboxlic acid
72
what is a decarboxylation reaction?
co2 and hcl = adding a carboxylic acid
73
practice more with skill 4 questions
practice more with skill 4 questions
74
What are the branches in glycogen? What is type of linkage in carbohydrates?
if an enzyme is debranching it breaks down the 1,6 linkages not the 1,4 linear linkages and therefore won't affect the 1,4 activity; ex. starch
75
what characterizes refractory period of AP?
movement of sodium ions into neuron = depolarization = atrial and ventricular contraction
76
What does a high ksp mean?
higher ksp means more soluble so lower ksp means more precipitate
77
when you can't solve for something using a formula you know, try to think of other ways that might work
when you can't solve for something using a formula you know, try to think of other ways that might work
78
what is conservation of energy formula?
solve for PE to get total energy when given height
79
calculation error = be careful with units and calculations
calculation error = be careful with units and calculations
80
What units is temperature in PV = nRT equation
need to convert to kelvin for PV = nRT calculations
81
What happens to velocity when you change direction?
constant speed after a collision and constant velocity if not changing direction
82
what are the enzymes and steps involved in gluconeogenesis
glugoneogensis makes glucose from pyruvate
83
didn't read chart closely enough
didn't read chart closely enough
84
look closely for details
look closely for details
85
What does an EWG mean for a base?
EDG = makes for stronger base with lower pkb
86
look for equation substituions when stuck
look for equation substituions when stuck
87
if the passage has the information don't overanalyze- stick with what the passage says
if the passage has the information don't overanalyze- stick with what the passage says
88
what are the kinematic equations?
d = v(o)t + 1/2at^2
89
What does uncoupling a kinetic motion energy transfer chain do?
uncoupling kinetic chain = decrease energy transfer ; decrease in efficiency of transfer = more energy prone
90
What are the SI units?
to get total efficiency multiply the efficiency's together; kg are SI units, not grams
91
What is lower vs higher efficiency?
efficiency = energy out- energy in
92
Is higher or lower entropy energetically favorable?
Entropic penalty refers to the thermodynamically disfavored requirement of forming a cage of polar solvent molecules around surface-exposed hydrophobic portions of a molecule.
93
What are the strongest and weakest IM forces?
greater surface area = increases IM interactions; london dispersion forces = instantaneous dipoles and also induced dipoles (polar and nonpolar)
94
Are gases more soluble in hot or cold water?
gases are more soluble in cold water than hot water; pasteurization =heating
95
Practice caluclation molar solubility from disassociation of ferrous hydroxide
can calculate molar solubility from ksp
96
What is room temp and physiological ph?
room temp = 17-25 degrees C
97
What is HNMR used for?
HNMR : downfield = deshielding = towards 7-8 (left shift); upfield = shielding = right shift
98
What is the formula for specific rotation of enantiomers?
Mixture = (x)(R enantiomer specific rotation)+ (1-x)(S enatiomer specific rotation)
99
What happens at half equivlance?
at half equivalence, ph = pka and amount of orgininnal = amount of it's conjugate ( A- = HA)
100
What is concentration of H+ at Ph of 6
ka.kb = 10^-14 at 25 degrees water; ka disassocation = (A-)(H+)/(HA)
101
Ocean currents move heat within the ocean system via convection.
Ocean currents move heat within the ocean system via convection.
102
read graph carefully and calculate carefully
read graph carefully and calculate carefully
103
What are fatty acids? What are triglycerides? What are unsaturated fatty acid melting point compared to saturated?
fatty acids have long hydrocarbon tails and carboxylic acid head
104
What are isomers?
no same molecular formula = not isomers; epimer is one of a pair of stereoisomers. The two isomers differ in configuration at only one stereogenic center.
105
read q stem closely
read q stem closely
106
What is phase difference?
v = freq * wavelength
107
always check for units in answer choices!!!
always check for units in answer choices!!!
108
What is a combsution reaction?
combustion reaction is just when o2 is added to produce co2 and water; it can include alcohols not only hydrocarbons
109
How do you find the number of possible stereoisomers?
2^n where n = number of chrial centers is the number of stereoisomers
110
which direction do electric field lines pont?
electric field lines go from positive to negative ; axon is negative
111
What varibales are needed to calculate R?
potential, resistance per unit length and length are needed to calculate current
112
How does barametric pressure work?
outside pressure = inside pressure + liquid pressure; barometer: if inside fluid level is higher then outside pressure is more
113
ka/ko = 1 which is no competition by other substances
ka/ko = 1 which is no competition by other substances
114
What is archimede's principle?
Archimede's principle = (density of object)/(density of liquid submerged) = Weight of air / (weight of air - weight of submerged fluid)
115
Which amino acids have carboxylate groups?
The acidic amino acids have side chains with carboxylate
116
What does adding a strong acid to a dissociation of weak acid do?
adding a strong acid to a solution of weak acid decreases the percent ionization of the weak acid
117
What are the basic structures of the amino acids?
structure of aspartate has extra cooh group, structure of arginine has an amide group
118
What are the assumptions of ideal gases?
1. gas has large number of molecules which are in random motion and obey newton's laws of motion; 2. volume of molecules are very small compared to volume occupied by gas; 3. no forces act on the molecules except during elastic collisions of negligible duration
119
What do opsins do?
they enable the detection of different colors
120
How do you read R33G as an amino acid?
R33G = arginine replaced with glycine in position 33
121
What are the formulas for light and vision? What kind of lens is used to correct myopia?
1/f = 1/o + 1/i ; m = -i/o; diverging concave lens
122
What are the units for Newtons? Joules?
N = (kg.m)/s^2; 1 J = N.m
123
What does sp2 hybridization look like?
AX3 carbons with one double bond = sp2 hybridized
124
When will aromatic side chains give best absorbance singal?
will give largest absorbance signal when part of a fully folded protein
125
Which part of ATP participates in phosphate transfers?
phosphoryl transfer of kinases comes from the gamma phosphate of ATP
126
What is the ksp equation for CaCO3?
don't put solids in ksp equations
127
if you want to produce 1.5 moles of something and you have an ideal gas at STP how many liters would you need
molar volume of an ideal gas at STP = 22.4 L/mol
128
What is the formula for sound intensities?
ratio of minimum sound intensities of 40dB and 20dB = 40-20 = 20 divided by 10 which equals 2. 10^2 equals 100
129
What type of images do diverging lenses produce?
diverging lenses = concave = virtual and reduced images always ; myopia (nearsightedness) = diverging lenses
130
What type of energy changes occur in a battery powered resistive cirucit when current is flowing?
battery powered resistive circuit when current is flowing = chemical to electircal to thermal energy
