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Sanjna - BIO - Flashcards

1
Q

One cancer cell line doesn’t mean all cell lines; be careful with extreme questions and answer choices

A

One cancer cell line doesn’t mean all cell lines; be careful with extreme questions and answer choices

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2
Q

What are the steps of oncogenesis?

A

Metastasis happens after cancer so it can’t be prevented after cancer starts; cancer causing mutations can be repaired before being passed on

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3
Q

Explain eukaryotic and prokaryotic transcription and translation?

A

In eukaryotes, each gene has their own transcription start site; don’t confuse transcription and translation

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4
Q

What is RNA polymerization?

A

hybridization is the opposite of denaturation and it can have gene silencing effects when a small RNA binds to mRNA and prevents translation

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5
Q

astericks and horizontal lines above data points signify statistical significance

A

astericks and horizontal lines above data points signify statistical significance

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6
Q

What would lead to an anionic protein?

A

A protein can contain many fewer basic residues than uncharged and still be catatonic (bc uncharged doesn’t contribute anything); you need to consider the amount of acidic residues to basic residues

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7
Q

What category does eosinophil fall under?

A

Eosinophil has DNA and membrane bound nucleus but erythrocyte does not

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8
Q

What is the differenc bw downregulates and upregulates and what does internalization of a protein mean? What activates PKA?

A

pick the answer choice that is all correct over one that “sounds”correct.

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9
Q

What are two disinfecting agents?

A

autoclave (extreme heat and pressure) is best way to sterilize

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10
Q

What are the differences between meiosis and mitosis?

A

mitosis = growing cell cultues = cyclical = results in diploid ; meiosis = transmission to offspring = non cyclical = results in haploid

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11
Q

Draw out single and double cross over

A

double crossoveers can affect segments in the middle of chromosome arms; single crossovers only affect the ends

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12
Q

What are the differences and similarities bw these three types of muscle

A

Troponin is required for muscle contraction in skeletal and cardiac muscle but not smooth muscle

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13
Q

when analyzing data, look for simple things that are right; don’t get confused by confounding variables; if the number is higher than baseline even by a little it is considered elevated

A

when analyzing data, look for simple things that are right; don’t get confused by confounding variables; if the number is higher than baseline even by a little it is considered elevated

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14
Q

What dissossociates peptide bonds?

A

peptide bonds = stable, normally found in trans, partial doube bond character and resonance stablization

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15
Q

When they tell you that FAD2+ and NAD + have been reduced, it means the fatty acid has been oxidized; and vice versa

A

When they tell you that FAD2+ and NAD + have been reduced, it means the fatty acid has been oxidized; and vice versa

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16
Q

if fatty acid catabolism doesn’t occur = great abundance of fatty acids in body and less energy availible = glucose more heavily relied upon = decrease glucose levels ; hyperglycemia is increase in glucose levels

A

if fatty acid catabolism doesn’t occur = great abundance of fatty acids in body and less energy availible = glucose more heavily relied upon = decrease glucose levels ; hyperglycemia is increase in glucose levels

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17
Q

G pairs with C (3 H bonds), A pairs with T in DNA and with U in RNA (2 H bonds); G and A are purines, C,T and U are pyramidines, In double stranded DNA percentage of C equals percentage of C and percentage of A equals percentage of T, this doesn’t have to be the case in ssDNA.

A

G pairs with C (3 H bonds), A pairs with T in DNA and with U in RNA (2 H bonds); G and A are purines, C,T and U are pyramidines, In double stranded DNA percentage of C equals percentage of C and percentage of A equals percentage of T, this doesn’t have to be the case in ssDNA.

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18
Q

Glycolysis = glucose

A

Glycolysis = glucose

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19
Q

aromatic structure doesn’t imply an obstacle, but the aromatic rings being non polar implies an obstacle of flowing thru solvents such as blood and cytosol bc made of water

A

aromatic structure doesn’t imply an obstacle, but the aromatic rings being non polar implies an obstacle of flowing thru solvents such as blood and cytosol bc made of water

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20
Q

on a graph, all of the data points should support the answer choice for it to be right; don’t jump to conslusions

A

on a graph, all of the data points should support the answer choice for it to be right; don’t jump to conslusions

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21
Q

what is difference between prokarotes and eukaryotes

A

bacteria = ecoli and archaea = prokaryotes

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22
Q

What is henderson hassalbach equation

A

Plasma precipitating out is very dangerous; amino acid residue side chains can act as buffers and maintain PH levels

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23
Q

give an example of each

A

homologous = different functions now but from same evolutionary history ; analogous = evolved independtly but same function

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24
Q

What kind of pressure drives inhalation?

A

lungs cannot sponteously collapse ; residual volume is that the lungs are at minimum volume under maximum intrapleural pressure

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25
What stage does nondisjunction occur in?
if you gain a chromomome it becomes 47 but if two fuse together you lose a chromosome
26
What direction are aa's synthesized in?
Earlier amino acids will be closest to N terminus than C terminus
27
psysiological pH both neg and positive charges will exist on COO- and NH3 + with neutral charge of 0; at high pH, both deprot, at low pH both prot
psysiological pH both neg and positive charges will exist on COO- and NH3 + with neutral charge of 0; at high pH, both deprot, at low pH both prot
28
eicosanoids - derived from arachidonic acid: prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes type of phospholipids
eicosanoids - derived from arachidonic acid: prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes type of phospholipids
29
don't pick the more extreme choice unless there is ample evidence
don't pick the more extreme choice unless there is ample evidence
30
What is noncompetitive inhibiton? What is uncompetitive inhibiton?
irreversible inhibitor = chemically alters enzyme; competitive inhibitor = preferentiaal compared to actual enzyme
31
hydronium ion and hydroxide ion neutralize each other
hydronium ion and hydroxide ion neutralize each other
32
What is the period cycle?
reproduction probably upregulated in younger species
33
What is an integrin protein? What is occludin?
cytoskeleton of one to the cytoskeleton of another connects gap junctions
34
What does the heaviest aa weigh?
amino acids weight less than nucleotides or other molecules; trypotphan is heaviest aa weighs 204 Da.
35
Where are gap junctions found?
gap junctions = speed = reflex neurons
36
Where do neurotransmitters bind?
chemical synapses have a longer time that the neurotransmitter has to move between intracellular space = slower
37
What does siRNA do?
siRNA inteferes during post transcriptional control and prevents mRNA from being translated
38
What results in ketone bodies in urine?
proteins in urine are a result of damage to glomerulus, not hyperglycemia whitch results in ketone bodies and glucose in urine
39
What is western blot measure? Southern blot? Northern blot?
RT-PCR= amount of RNA expressed; western blot = amount of protein expressed; northern blot = identify RNA sequences; southern blot = identify specific DNA sequences
40
What are the purines?
adenosine = nucleoside = nitrogenous base and five carbon sugar
41
What type of molecule is co2?
hormones are large, CO2 is small and non polar
42
non polar = lipid soluble; lysing something destroys its structure and therefore its effects
non polar = lipid soluble; lysing something destroys its structure and therefore its effects
43
look for connections and look at all the figures/passage when lost
look for connections and look at all the figures/passage when lost
44
What complex is NADH dehydrogenase?
cytochrome c = highly soluble unlike other cytochromes
45
What are characteristics of hyperventilation?
hypoxia = oxygen deprivation; hyperventilation = too much o2 and too less co2 = too less co2 = increase in ph and increase in hb affinity for 02
46
What kind of aa is arginine?
read carefully, arg168 is diff than other arg's
47
What does a higher KM mean for affinity?
km can't be changed by changes in substrate or enzyme concentrations
48
pay attention to which amino acid or tricky thing the question is asking for;
pay attention to which amino acid or tricky thing the question is asking for;
49
What is fungi? (prokaryote or eukaryote?)
viruses are often described as non living ; fungi viruses and bacteria can replicate inside a host
50
Disregulation in what process causes cancer?
disregulation in mitosis = over cell growth; disregulation in apoptosis = too much cell death
51
need to practice synthesizing info from passage with question and graph and be more careful in what the question is asking
need to practice synthesizing info from passage with question and graph and be more careful in what the question is asking
52
Where will membrane bound enzymes attach to in mitochondria?
innermembrane space not where membrane bound enzymes will attach
53
be more careful and dont rush if you dont need to
be more careful and dont rush if you dont need to
54
Why is ribose heavier than deoxyribose?
ribose heavier than deoxyribose because deoxy lacks a 2 prime oh group present on ribose
55
READ CAREFULLY
READ CAREFULLY
56
Do SN1 or SN2 reactions use polar protic solvents?
SN2 = polar aprotic solvents (ex. acetone); SN1 = polar protic solvents (O-H or N-H bonds) that can stabilize carbocation
57
What travels farther in SDS page?
SDS page: smaller moleculs travel farther, large bands are probably more inact
58
What is the anitsense strand? What is the template strand?
coding strand = DNA
59
What is transformation vs transduction vs conjugation?
DNA and proteins are different
60
What is angiogenesis?
angiogenesis = formation of new blood vessels; when it is pathalogical it can have a role in cancer
61
What kind of hormone is insulin and what is it secreted by?
insulin does not act directly on glucose, it acts to reduce blood glucose levels by promoting uptake of glucose into cells; insulin receptors activate glucose transporters
62
does expanding study design make it a better experiment?
p value above .05 means not statistically significant
63
What are the negatively and positively charged amino acids?
if residue binds to a positively charged domain it needs to have neg charged amino acids; asp = aspartic acid
64
What is an antibiotic?
a mutation usually means all cell lines are affected
65
What does human cells being diploid mean for removing function of tumor suppressor gene vs in oncogenes?
Human cells are diploid, and therefore to remove the function of a tumor suppressor protein such as p53 both copies of the allele would have to be mutated. (This is in contrast to mutations in oncogenes, where a single gain of function mutation can lead to an overactive protein product). Despite having one mutated copy of p53, therefore, CRC200 would still be expressing WT p53 proteins and as a result transfection with an additional copy of WT p53 would not significantly alter cell growth. Of the options, only D fits this description.
66
What is transduction?
genes are highly conserved across species
67
What would cause an acid to disassociate more?
increasing pka decreases strength of an acid which causes it to disassociate less; removing H plus will cause acid to disassoicate more
68
What is keto enol tautomerization?
for keto enol taut, you need hydrogrens on the alpha carbon availible
69
If more metabolism is needed does that mean it is more vascularized?
vasculairzation has to do with enzyme acitivity and metabolism
70
What constitutes a more acidic proton?
-
71
What does adaptive immune system do?
when a foreign antigen enters human body, adaptive immune system will work to create antibodies against it- so an antibody that works for an animal might not work for a human
72
What are x linked recessive disorders?
x linked disorders: a mother with disease will always pass to her son; a father without disease will not pass to her daughter
73
Where does transcription/translation occur in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
bacteria lack method for splicing and mRNA processing
74
What are the different complexes and how do they transfer electrons in oxidative phosphorylation?
cytochrome c (complex 3) can only carry one electron at a time
75
what are distinct features on the amino acids?
threonine and serine have polar -oh groups; glutamine and asparagine and tryptophan have nh2 polar groups; tryptophan, phenylalanine and tyrosine have aromatic ring
76
What is insulin and how is it produced?
insulin = proinsulin; more insulin is more glucose uptake
77
What is BAT?
BAT = specilaized adipose tissue that has a lot of mitochondria generated during thermoregualtion
78
What causes entropic pentalty and how do you decrease it?
entropic pentalty = not energetically favorable
79
What constitutes a more acidic proton?
...
80
What does adaptive immune system do?
when a foreign antigen enters human body, adaptive immune system will work to create antibodies against it- so an antibody that works for an animal might not work for a human
81
What are x linked recessive disorders?
x linked disorders: a mother with disease will always pass to her son; a father without disease will not pass to her daughter
82
Where does transcription/translation occur in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
bacteria lack method for splicing and mRNA processing
83
What are the different complexes and how do they transfer electrons in oxidative phosphorylation?
cytochrome c (complex 3) can only carry one electron at a time
84
what are distinct features on the amino acids?
threonine and serine have polar -oh groups; glutamine and asparagine and tryptophan have nh2 polar groups; tryptophan, phenylalanine and tyrosine have aromatic ring
85
what is insulin?
insulin = proinsulin; more insulin is more glucose uptake
86
What is BAT?
BAT = specilaized adipose tissue that has a lot of mitochondria generated during thermoregualtion
87
What causes entropic pentalty and how do you decrease it?
entropic pentalty = not energetically favorable
88
What constitutes a more acidic proton?
-
89
What does adaptive immune system do?
when a foreign antigen enters human body, adaptive immune system will work to create antibodies against it- so an antibody that works for an animal might not work for a human
90
What are x linked recessive disorders?
x linked disorders: a mother with disease will always pass to her son; a father without disease will not pass to her daughter
91
Where does transcription/translation occur in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
bacteria lack method for splicing and mRNA processing
92
What are the different complexes and how do they transfer electrons in oxidative phosphorylation?
cytochrome c (complex 3) can only carry one electron at a time
93
what are distinct features on the amino acids?
threonine and serine have polar -oh groups; glutamine and asparagine and tryptophan have nh2 polar groups; tryptophan, phenylalanine and tyrosine have aromatic ring
94
What is insulin and how is it produced?
insulin = proinsulin; more insulin is more glucose uptake
95
What is BAT?
BAT = specilaized adipose tissue that has a lot of mitochondria generated during thermoregualtion
96
What causes entropic pentalty and how do you decrease it?
entropic pentalty = not energetically favorable
97
What is a signal sequence?
signal sequence = used for transmembrane proteins; transmembrane proteins will prob not use nuclear localization signals
98
What is the difference between catalyst and cofactor?
enzymes are catalysts; cofactors are attached to proteins (Ex. metal ions) ; apoenzyme is an inactive enzyme, activation of the enzyme occurs upon binding of an organic or inorganic cofactor. Holoenzyme- An apoenzyme together with its cofactor. A holoenzyme is complete and catalytically active.
99
Why won't drowsiness be felt initially by the alchoholic?
inducible
100
What is a nucleotide bond between?
nucleotide bond is between phosphate and sugar
101
What happens when a structure is not functioning properly in terms of hormone regulation?
when something is destroyed (ex. adrenal cortex) the hromone will be secreted more in an attempt to stimulate it
102
What are consequences of diabetes?
diabetes can result in weight loss
103
what is semiconservative replication?
semiconservative replication: after one round - mix of light and heavy and one light; after second round- only light
104
What is the difference between purine and pyrimidine?
purine = G and A; two fused rings; pyrimidine = C and T; 1 ring
105
How much ATP does glycolysis produce and where does it occur?
when something affects the ETC thorugh disruptiing the mitochondria, citric acid cycle is also probably disturbed. Glycolysis produces 2 ATP
106
what is ubiquination?
ubiquination = targets a protein by degradation by a proteosome
107
Where does vasopressin work?
vasopressin inserts aquaporinsn into collecting duct
108
Where does blood from small intestine go first?
blood from small intestine is transported first to the liver
109
amplification calculation: divide the new by the old
amplification calculation: divide the new by the old
110
How does estrogen affect LH levels normally?
an increase in FSH causes increase in estrogen (neg feedback) which causes LH levels to rise and progrestoreone to increase (neg feedback)
111
What do proteases do?
proteases function to degreade proteins into smaller fragments (break peptide bonds)
112
How do lysosomes work?
lysosomes function at low pH; they are membrane bound organelles that contain enzymes

Sanjna's MCAT Flashcards (4 decks)

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