Sanjna - BIO - Flashcards
One cancer cell line doesn’t mean all cell lines; be careful with extreme questions and answer choices
One cancer cell line doesn’t mean all cell lines; be careful with extreme questions and answer choices
What are the steps of oncogenesis?
Metastasis happens after cancer so it can’t be prevented after cancer starts; cancer causing mutations can be repaired before being passed on
Explain eukaryotic and prokaryotic transcription and translation?
In eukaryotes, each gene has their own transcription start site; don’t confuse transcription and translation
What is RNA polymerization?
hybridization is the opposite of denaturation and it can have gene silencing effects when a small RNA binds to mRNA and prevents translation
astericks and horizontal lines above data points signify statistical significance
astericks and horizontal lines above data points signify statistical significance
What would lead to an anionic protein?
A protein can contain many fewer basic residues than uncharged and still be catatonic (bc uncharged doesn’t contribute anything); you need to consider the amount of acidic residues to basic residues
What category does eosinophil fall under?
Eosinophil has DNA and membrane bound nucleus but erythrocyte does not
What is the differenc bw downregulates and upregulates and what does internalization of a protein mean? What activates PKA?
pick the answer choice that is all correct over one that “sounds”correct.
What are two disinfecting agents?
autoclave (extreme heat and pressure) is best way to sterilize
What are the differences between meiosis and mitosis?
mitosis = growing cell cultues = cyclical = results in diploid ; meiosis = transmission to offspring = non cyclical = results in haploid
Draw out single and double cross over
double crossoveers can affect segments in the middle of chromosome arms; single crossovers only affect the ends
What are the differences and similarities bw these three types of muscle
Troponin is required for muscle contraction in skeletal and cardiac muscle but not smooth muscle
when analyzing data, look for simple things that are right; don’t get confused by confounding variables; if the number is higher than baseline even by a little it is considered elevated
when analyzing data, look for simple things that are right; don’t get confused by confounding variables; if the number is higher than baseline even by a little it is considered elevated
What dissossociates peptide bonds?
peptide bonds = stable, normally found in trans, partial doube bond character and resonance stablization
When they tell you that FAD2+ and NAD + have been reduced, it means the fatty acid has been oxidized; and vice versa
When they tell you that FAD2+ and NAD + have been reduced, it means the fatty acid has been oxidized; and vice versa
if fatty acid catabolism doesn’t occur = great abundance of fatty acids in body and less energy availible = glucose more heavily relied upon = decrease glucose levels ; hyperglycemia is increase in glucose levels
if fatty acid catabolism doesn’t occur = great abundance of fatty acids in body and less energy availible = glucose more heavily relied upon = decrease glucose levels ; hyperglycemia is increase in glucose levels
G pairs with C (3 H bonds), A pairs with T in DNA and with U in RNA (2 H bonds); G and A are purines, C,T and U are pyramidines, In double stranded DNA percentage of C equals percentage of C and percentage of A equals percentage of T, this doesn’t have to be the case in ssDNA.
G pairs with C (3 H bonds), A pairs with T in DNA and with U in RNA (2 H bonds); G and A are purines, C,T and U are pyramidines, In double stranded DNA percentage of C equals percentage of C and percentage of A equals percentage of T, this doesn’t have to be the case in ssDNA.
Glycolysis = glucose
Glycolysis = glucose
aromatic structure doesn’t imply an obstacle, but the aromatic rings being non polar implies an obstacle of flowing thru solvents such as blood and cytosol bc made of water
aromatic structure doesn’t imply an obstacle, but the aromatic rings being non polar implies an obstacle of flowing thru solvents such as blood and cytosol bc made of water
on a graph, all of the data points should support the answer choice for it to be right; don’t jump to conslusions
on a graph, all of the data points should support the answer choice for it to be right; don’t jump to conslusions
what is difference between prokarotes and eukaryotes
bacteria = ecoli and archaea = prokaryotes
What is henderson hassalbach equation
Plasma precipitating out is very dangerous; amino acid residue side chains can act as buffers and maintain PH levels
give an example of each
homologous = different functions now but from same evolutionary history ; analogous = evolved independtly but same function
What kind of pressure drives inhalation?
lungs cannot sponteously collapse ; residual volume is that the lungs are at minimum volume under maximum intrapleural pressure
What stage does nondisjunction occur in?
if you gain a chromomome it becomes 47 but if two fuse together you lose a chromosome
What direction are aa’s synthesized in?
Earlier amino acids will be closest to N terminus than C terminus
psysiological pH both neg and positive charges will exist on COO- and NH3 + with neutral charge of 0; at high pH, both deprot, at low pH both prot
psysiological pH both neg and positive charges will exist on COO- and NH3 + with neutral charge of 0; at high pH, both deprot, at low pH both prot
eicosanoids - derived from arachidonic acid: prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes type of phospholipids
eicosanoids - derived from arachidonic acid: prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes type of phospholipids
don’t pick the more extreme choice unless there is ample evidence
don’t pick the more extreme choice unless there is ample evidence
What is noncompetitive inhibiton? What is uncompetitive inhibiton?
irreversible inhibitor = chemically alters enzyme; competitive inhibitor = preferentiaal compared to actual enzyme
hydronium ion and hydroxide ion neutralize each other
hydronium ion and hydroxide ion neutralize each other
What is the period cycle?
reproduction probably upregulated in younger species
What is an integrin protein? What is occludin?
cytoskeleton of one to the cytoskeleton of another connects gap junctions
What does the heaviest aa weigh?
amino acids weight less than nucleotides or other molecules; trypotphan is heaviest aa weighs 204 Da.
Where are gap junctions found?
gap junctions = speed = reflex neurons
Where do neurotransmitters bind?
chemical synapses have a longer time that the neurotransmitter has to move between intracellular space = slower
What does siRNA do?
siRNA inteferes during post transcriptional control and prevents mRNA from being translated
What results in ketone bodies in urine?
proteins in urine are a result of damage to glomerulus, not hyperglycemia whitch results in ketone bodies and glucose in urine
What is western blot measure? Southern blot? Northern blot?
RT-PCR= amount of RNA expressed; western blot = amount of protein expressed; northern blot = identify RNA sequences; southern blot = identify specific DNA sequences
What are the purines?
adenosine = nucleoside = nitrogenous base and five carbon sugar
What type of molecule is co2?
hormones are large, CO2 is small and non polar
non polar = lipid soluble; lysing something destroys its structure and therefore its effects
non polar = lipid soluble; lysing something destroys its structure and therefore its effects
look for connections and look at all the figures/passage when lost
look for connections and look at all the figures/passage when lost
What complex is NADH dehydrogenase?
cytochrome c = highly soluble unlike other cytochromes
