SANGAM AGE Flashcards
THERE EXISTED THREE SANGAMS (ACADEMY OF TAMIL POETS) IN ANCIENT TAMIL NADU POPULARLY CALLED?
MUCHCHANGAM.
SANGAMS FLOURISHED UNDER THE ROYAL PATRONAGE OF?
PANDYAS.
FIRST SANGAM?
- HELD AT MADURAI.
- NO LITERARY WORK OF THIS SANGAM IS AVAILABLE.
SECOND SANGAN?
- HELD AT KAPADAPURAM.
- ALL LITERARY WORKS PERISHED EXCEPT TOLKAPPIYAM.
THIRD SANGAM?
AND IT WAS FOUNDED BY?
- HELD AT MADURAI.
- FOUNDED BY MUDATHIRUMARAN.
- VOLUMINOUS LITERATURE PRODUCED BUT ONLY A FEW HAD SURVIVED.
TOLKAPPIYAM INCLUDES?
- EIGHTEEN GREATER TEXTS- ETTUTOGAI, PATTUPPATTU.
- EIGHTEEN LESSER TEXTS- PATHINENKILKANAKKU.
- TWO EPICS- SILAPPATHIGARAM AND MANIMEGALAI.
TOLKAPPIYAM AUTHORED BY ______ IS THE EASIEST OF THE TAMIL LITERATURE.
TOLKAPPIYAR.
IT IS A WORK ON TAMIL GRAMMAR BUT IT PROVIDES INFORMATION ON THE POLITICAL AND SOCIO ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE SANGAM PERIOD.
ETTUTOGAI CONSISTS OF?
ETTUTOGAI OR EIGHT ANTHOLOGIES CONSIST OF 8 WORKS.
1. AINGURUNOORU
2. NARRINAI
3. AGANAOORU
4. PURANANOORU
5. KURUNTOGAI
6. KALITTOGAI
7. PARIPADAL
8. PADIRRUPPATTU
PATTUPPATTU CONSISTS OF?
PATTUPPATTU OR TEN IDYLLS CONSIST OF TEN WORKS.
1. THIRUMURUGARRUPPADAI
2. PORUNARARRUPPADAI
3. SIRUPANARRUPPADAI
4. PERUMPANARRUPADAI
5. MULLAIPPATTU
6. NEDUNALVADAI
7. MADURAIKKANJI
8. KURINJIPPATTU
9. PATTINAPPALAI
10. MALAIPADUKADAM
BOTH ETTUTOGAI AND PATTUPPATTU WERE DIVIDED INTO TWO MAIN GROUPS, THAT IS?
- AHAM (LOVE)
- PURAM (VALOUR).
PATHINENKILKANAKKU CONTAINS____ WORKS MOSTLY DEALING WITH_________.
18 WORKS, ETHICS AND MORALS.
TIRUKKURAL IS AUTHORED BY?
THIRUVALLUVAR.
GAJABHAHU 2 OF SRI LANKA AND CHERAN SENGUTTUVAN OF THE CHERA DYNASTY WERE CONTEMPORARIES.
THIS IS CONFIRMED BY?
SILAPPATHIGARAM AS WELL AS THE DIPAVAMSA AND MAHAVAMSA.
CHERAS. THEIR CAPITAL WAS VANJI AND THEIR IMPORTANT SEAPORTS WERE TONDI AND MUSIRI.
THEY HAD THE ________ FLOWERS AS THEIR GARLAND.
PALMYRA FLOWERS.
INSCRIPTIONS AND TEXT THAT PROVIDES INFORMATION ABOUT CHERAS?
- THE PUGALUR INSCRIPTION.
- PADIRRUPPATTU.
WHO INTRODUCED THE PATTINI CULT OR THE WORSHIP OF THE KANNAGI AS THE IDEAL WIFE IN TAMIL NADU?
CHERAN SENGUTTUVAN.
THE STONE FOR MAKING THE IDOL OF KANNAGI WAS BROUGHT BY HIM AFTER HIS HIMALAYAN EXPEDITION.
THE CONSECRATION CEREMONY WAS ATTENDED BY MANY PRINCES INCLUDING GAJABHAGU 2 FROM SRI LANKA.
CAPITAL OF CHOLAS OF SANGAM PERIOD?
THEIR CAPITAL WAS FIRST LOCATED AT URAIYAR AND THEN SHIFTED TO PUHAR.
PATTINAPPALAI PORTRAYS LIFE AND MILITARY CONQUESTS OF WHICH RULER?
KARIKALA- SANGAM CHOLAS.
BATTLE OF VENNI?
SANGAM CHOLA, KARIKALA DEFEATED THE MIGHTY CONFEDERACY CONSISTING OF THE CHERAS, PANDYAS AND ELEVEN MINOR CHIEFTAINS.
BATTLE OF VAHAIPPARANDALAI?
FOUGHT BY KARIKALA IN WHICH HE DEFEATED NINE ENEMY CHIEFTAINS SUBMITTED BEFORE HIM.
DAM BUILT BY KARIKALA OF CHOLA DYNASTY?
KALLANI ACROSS THE RIVER KAVERI.
WHICH KING WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE EXECUTION OF KOVALAN FOR WHICH KANNAGI BURNT MADURAI?
ARYAPPADAI KADANTHA NEDUNCHELIYANS (ONE WHO WON VICTORIES OVER THE ARYAN FORCES).
MADURAIKKANJI IS WRITTEN BY?
MANGUDI MARUTHANAR. IT DESCRIBES THE SOCIO ECONOMIC CONDITION OF THE PANDYA COUNTRY INCLUDING THE FLOURISHING SEAPORT OF KORKAI.
THE PANDYAN RULE DURING THE SANGAM AGE BEGAN TO DECLINE DUE TO THE INVASION OF THE?
KALABHRAS.
FORM OF GOVERNMENT DURING SANGAM PERIOD AND COUNCILS?
HEREDITARY MONARCHY FORM OF GOVERNMENT.
THE KING ALSO TAKES ADVICE FROM MINISTER, COURT POET AND THE IMPERIAL COURT OR AVAI.
THERE WERE FIVE COUNCILS
1. AMAICHAR- MINISTERS
2. ANTHANAR- PRIESTS
3. SENAPATHI- MILITARY COMMANDERS
4. THUTHAR- ENVOYS
5. ORRAR- SPIES
EACH SANGAM RULER HAD A REGULAR ARMY AND THEIR RESPECTIVE KODIMARAM.
TERM KODIMARAM MEANS?
TUTELARY TREE.
FIVE FOLD DIVISIONS OF LAND AS PER TOLKAPPIYAM?
THEIR CHIEFT DEITY AND CHIEF OCCUPATIONS?
- KURINJI- HILLY TRACKS, CHIEF DEITY- MURUGAN, CHIEF OCCUPATION-HUNTING AND HONEY COLLECTION.
- MULLAI- PASTORAL, CHIEF DEITY- MAYON (VISHNU), CHIEF OCCUPATION- CATTLE REARING AND DEALING WITH DAIRY PRODUCTS.
- MARUDAM- AGRICULTURAL, CHIEF DEITY- INDIRA, OCCUPATION- AGRICULTURE.
- NEYDAL- COASTAL, DEITY- VARUNAN, OCCUPATION- FISHING AND SALT MANUFACTURING
- PALAI- DESERT, DEITY- KORRAVAI, OCCUPATION- ROBBERY.
CASTE SYSTEM AS PER TOLKAPPIYAM?
- ARASAR- RULING CLASS
- ANTHANAR- PLAYED SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN SANGAM POLITY AND RELIGION
- VANIGARS- CARRIED TRADE AND COMMERCE
-
VELLALAR- AGRICULTURISTS.
TRIBAL GROUPS LIKE PARATHAVAR, PANAR, EYINAR, KADAMBAR, MARAVAR AND PULAIYAR WERE ALSO FOUND.
ANCIENT PRIMITIVE TRIBES LIKE THODAS, IRULAS, NAGAS AND VEDARS LIVED IN THIS PERIOD.
PRIMARY DEITY OF SANGAM PERIOD?
SEYON OR MURUGAN, WHO IS HAILED AS TAMIL GOD.
TERM ARUPADAI VEEDU FROM SANGAM PERIOD MEANS?
TAMIL DEITY MURUGAN WAS HONOURED WITH 6 ABODES KNOWN AS ARUPADAI VEEDU.
GODS OTHER THAN MURUGAN WORSHIPPED DURING SANGAM PERIOD?
- MAYON (VISHNU)
- VENDAN (INDIRAN)
- VARUNAN
- KORRAVAI
HERO STONE OR NADU KAL WORSHIP WAS SIGNIFICANT IN THE SANGAM PERIOD.
WOMEN POETS FROM SANGAM PERIOD?
- AVVAIYAR
- NACHCHELLAIYAR
- KAKKAIPADINIYAR
TERM KARPU FROM SANGAM AGE MEANS?
KARPU OR CHASTE LIFE WAS CONSIDERED THE HIGHEST VIRTUE OF WOMEN.
POSITION OF WOMEN IN SANGAM AGE?
- LOVE MARRIAGE WAS COMMON.
- WOMEN ALLOWED TO CHOOSE LIFE PARTNERS.
- LIFE OF WIDOWS WAS MISERABLE.
- SATI WAS PREVALENT IN THE HIGHER STRATA OF SOCIETY.
SINGING BARDS OF SANGAM AGE?
PANAR AND VIRALIYAR.
IN SANGAM AGE DANCING WAS PERFORMED BY _______ AND _________ WAS THE MOST POPULAR ENTERTAINMENT OF THE PEOPLE.
KANIGAIYAR, KOOTHU.
FAMOUS CROPS OF SANGAM AGE?
RICE WAS COMMON CROP.
JACK FRUIT AND PEPPER WERE FAMOUS IN THE CHERA COUNTRY.
PADDY WAS THE CHIEF CROP IN THE CHOLA AND PANDYA COUNTRY.
PORT CITIES OF SANGAM AGE?
- TONDI
- MUSIRI
- KORKAI
- ARIKKAMEDU
- MARAKKANAM
