SandP: Other Senses

Question 1

-What does the sense of smell respond to?

Question 2

• What receptors called?
• Where receptors located?
• How Receptors work?
• How many kinds of receptors?

Answer 2

• Olfactory Chemoreceptors (Olfactory Nerves)
• Located in the olfactory epithelium in the upper part of the nasal cavity.
• Chemical stimuli must bind to their respective Chemocreceptors to cause a signal
• A tremendous number, which is why we can recognize subtle differences in smells.

Question 3

• Smells can carry interpersonal information through a medium called?
• What effect?

Answer 3

• Pheromones
• Debatable in Humans , but secreted by humans or animals and bond with a specific chemotherapy which compels the animal to behave in a specific way.

Question 4

-Olfactory Pathway

Answer 4

-Odor molecules inhaled through nasal passages–> Contract the olfactory nerves (Chemoreceptors) in the Olfactory epithelium which activates the receptors –> they send a signal to the Olfactory Bulb –> which relays the signal via the Olfactory Tract to higher regions of the brain including the limbic (hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala) system

Question 5

-What does the sense of taste respond to?

Answer 5

-It is a chemical sense, which means it responds to chemicals from the outside world (dissolved compounds)

Question 6

• Five Basic Tastes

- How are Flavor and Taste related or unrelated?

Answer 6

• Sweet, Sour, Salty, Umani (Savory), Bitter
• The two are not synonymous, flavor refers to the interplay between taste and smell, which is also affected by food texture and individual mood

Question 7

• Chemoreceptors for Taste how work?
• What called?
• Where found?
• Taste Pathway

Answer 7

• Work by specific molecules binding to receptors
• Taste buds
• Found in little bumps on the tongue called Papillae
• Taste buds–> brainstem–> ascend to taste center in thalamus–> before traveling to higher-order brain regions

Question 8

• Sense of touch is called?

- What are its four modalities?

Answer 8

• Somatosensation

- Pressure, Vibration, Pain, and Temperature

Question 9

-Five types of touch receptors?

Answer 9

-Pacinian Corpuscles: Deep pressure and vibration
Meissner Corpuscles: Light Touch
Merkle Cells (discs): Deep pressure and texture
Ruffini Endings: Skin stretch
Free Nerve Endings: Pain and Temperature

Question 10

-Somatosensation Pathway?

Answer 10

-Transduction in receptors–>Somatosensory Cortex in the parietal lobe.

Question 11

• Physiological Zero

- Nociceptors

Answer 11

• The Normal Temperature of the skin (86 -97 F), thus an object feels cold if it is under this temp and vice versa.
• Receptors that send signals of pain

Question 12

-The Gate Theory of Pain (What happens when you bump your knee)

Answer 12

-States there is a special gating mechanism that acts to effectively stop signals from being perceived, the amount of pain necessary to open the gate (threshold) is different between people. It also allows the brain to give preference to other signals (pressure and Temp). This explains why rubbing your knee hard after you bump it seems to lower the overall level of pain

Question 13

-Kinesthetic Sense is called? What is it?

Answer 13

-Proprioception, refers to the ability to tell where one’s body is in space. EX: If you close your eyes you can still describe where your hands are, in space, relative to your body if you move them.

Question 14

• Kinesthetic/Proprioception Receptors, Where are they?

- What is there function for?

Answer 14

• Muscles and joints

- Play critical roles in hand-eye coordination, balance, and mobility