BB1.5: Influences on Behavior Flashcards
1
Q
Acetylcholine
- What is it
- What does it do in PNS and CNS
A
-Neurotransmitter found in both CNS and PNS.
-In PNS its used to transmit nerve impulses to muscles. It is used primarily by the parasympathetic nervous system, but it uses by sympathetic as well.
In CNS it has been linked to attention and arousal, In fact loss of cholinergic neurons connecting with hippocampus is associated with Alzheimer’s disease.
2
Q
Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, and Dopamine
- What is it
- What role do they collectively play
A
- Known collectively as Catecholamines (Made by adrenal glands). Also known as Monoanimes or Biogenic amines, due to their similar molecular composition.
- They all play important roles in the experience of emotions
3
Q
Epinephrine -Also known as -What is it -What does it do -How does it work Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) -Also known as -What is it -How does it work
A
- Adrenaline
- Primary neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system
- Involved in controlling alertness and wakefulness, promote the fight or flight response.
- Released from Adrenal Medulla and acts systemically on the body
- Noradrenaline
- Local level neurotransmitter, works on certain parts of the body
- Low levels associated with anxiety and mania
4
Q
Dopamine
- What is it
- What does it do
- Imbalances in Dopamine transmission linked to?
- How related to Parkinsons
A
- Another Catecholamine,
- Plays important role in movement and posture, high concentrations are found in the basal ganglia, which help smooth movements and maintains posture
- Schizophrenia (Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia, too much dopamine or over sensitivity to dopamine). Anti psychotics are dopamine blockers.
- Caused by loss of dopaminergic neurons in basal ganglia, lead to tremors and jerky movements. Treated by L-DOPA (increases dopamine)
5
Q
Serotonin
- What is it
- What does it do
- How related to norepinephrine
A
- Similar to the catecholamines, Serotonin is classified as Monoamine or Biogenic amine neurotransmitter.
- Plays role in regulating mood, eating, sleeping, and dreaming.
- Similar to norepinephrine it is thought to play a role in depression and mania. (oversupply causes manic states, and undersupply produces depression)
6
Q
GABA
- Technical Name
- What does it do
- How does it work
A
- y-aminobutyric acid
- produces INHIBITORY postsynaptic potentials and is thought to play a role in STABILIZING neural activity in the brain.
- exerts effects by causing hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane (increases threshold for action potential)
7
Q
Glycine
- Better known as
- What does it do
- How does it work
A
- One of the twenty proteinogenic amino acids
- Serves as an INHIBITORY neurotransmitter in the CNS
- Increases chloride influx into the neuron (Which hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane, increases threshold for action potential) (Similar to GABA)
8
Q
Glutamate
- Better known as
- What does it do
- How does it work
A
- One of the twenty proteinogenic amino acids
- Also acts as a neurotransmitter in the CNS
- In contrast to glycine, Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter
9
Q
Peptide Neurotransmitters
- Better known as
- Why different than other neurotransmitters
- How work differently than other neurotransmitters
- Most important of these is? and what do they do?
A
- Neuropeptides (neuromodulators)
- Involves a more compliacted CHAIN of events in the postsynaptic cell than regular neurotransmitters.
- Relatively Slower and have longer effects on postsynaptic cell than other neurotransmitters.
- Endorphins: Which are natural painkillers produced in the brain. Endorphins (and related cousin Enkephalins) have actions similar to morphine and other opiods.
10
Q
What is the main difference between the Nervous system and the Endocrine System?
A
-The Nervous system is relatively fast and uses chemical transmitters called neurotransmitters, The Endocrine system is a little slower and uses chemical transmitters called Hormones. Their transmitters travel through blood rather than through nerves.
11
Q
Role of the Hypothalamus
- Between the Nervous System and Endocrine System
- In the Endocrine System
- How does it function in the Endocrine System
A
- Links them together
- Regulates the hormonal function of the pituitary gland. –The two are spatially close together, control is maintained through paracrine (hormones that only work locally) release of hormones into the HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL SYSTEM (mainly controls anterior pituitary) that directly connects the two organs.
12
Q
Pituitary Gland
- Also known as
- Where located
- Divided into 2 parts
- What does it do
A
- The Master Gland
- Base of the Brain
- Anterior and Posterior
- Secretes various hormones into the bloodstream that travel to other endocrine glands, located throughout the body, and activates them. Once activated by the pituitary, that given endocrine will begin manufacturing and secreting its own characteristic hormone into the bloodstream
13
Q
Anterior Pituitary
- Also known as
- Controlled By
- What does it do
A
- The real Master gland (between itself and the posterior)
- The hypothalamus
- Releases hormones that regulate activities of endocrine glands
14
Q
Adrenal Glands
- Where Located
- Divided into 2 parts
A
- On top of the kidneys
- Adrenal Medulla
- Adrenal Cortex
15
Q
- What does the Adrenal Medulla do
- What does the Adrenal Cortex do
A
- Releases Epinephrine and Norepinephrine as part of the sympathetic nervous system
- Produces many hormones called Corticosteroids, including the stress hormone (cortisol), also contributes to sexual functioning by producing sex hormones (testosterone and estrogen)
