Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Panini and Sandhi > Sandhi: Vowel > Flashcards

Sandhi: Vowel Flashcards

UNDER CONSTRUCTION

1
Q

a/ā + a/ā

A

coalescence of like vowels > ā

D 3.3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

i/ī + i/ī

A

coalescence of like vowels > ī

D 3.3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

u/ū + u/ū

A

coalescence of like vowels > ū

D 3.3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ṛ/ṝ + ṛ/ṝ

A

coalescence of like vowels > ṝ

D 3.3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

iK + aC (dissimilar)

What happens when a non-a/ā simple vowel meets any other vowel?

A

It semi-vocalizes.

Rule:

iK + aC > yaṆ + aC

When a non-a/ā simple vowel precedes any dissimilar vowel, it converts to the corresponding semi-vowel (y/v/r/l).

Pratyahara:
iK = simple non-a/ā vowel (i/ī/u/ū/ṛ/ṝ/ḷ)
aC = all vowels
yaṆ = semi-vowels corresponding to simple vowels

D 3.8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

a/ā + iC

What happens when a/ā meets an iC? State the general rule.

A

General rule for coalescence of dissimilar vowels where prior is a/ā:

a/ā + iC
a/ā will gunate a dissimilar simple (iK) and vrddhize a dissimilar complex (eC).

Note that iC = iK + eC.

iC = any vowel other than a/ā, simple or complex. 
iK =  any simple vowel other than a/ā.
eC = any complex vowel

Pratyaharas:
iC = non a/ā vowels (i/ī/u/ū/ṛ/ṝ/ḷ/e/o/ai/au)

D 3.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

eC + aC

State general rule.

A

General rule for complex vowel meets any vowel:

  • analyze eC (complex vowel) into its components
  • first element is a if the eC is a guna vowel and ā if it’s a vrddhi vowel
  • semi-vocalize final element i/u (yaṆ)
  • Semi-vowel (yaṆ) is retained or dropped.

But note exceptions described in the other cards.

Pratyaharas:
eC = complex vowel (e/o/ai/au)
aC = any vowel (a/ā/i/ī/u/ū/ṛ/ṝ/ḷ/e/o/ai/au)

D 3.12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

e + a =

What happens when final -e precedes short a-?

A

e’

Exception to the general rule eC + aC.

e + a = e’
e is retained
and short a is elided

As a rule, eC converts into components before aC and is semivocalized, etc.

(Note that final o + a is not common but would behave the same way.)

Pratyaharas:
eC = complex vowel (e/o/ai/au)
aC = any vowel (a/ā/i/ī/u/ū/ṛ/ṝ/ḷ/e/o/ai/au)

D 3.20, D 3.16 for o.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

e + āC =

What happens when final -e precedes a vowel other than short a?

State the general rule as well as the specific outcome.

A

a

General rule eC + aC
A complex vowel (eC) before any vowel (aC) will convert into components and the second component will semivocalize, etc.

—Complex vowel e converts into its components: a+i.
—The second component semi-vocalizes: a+y.
—The semi-vowel y is lost before any initial vowel, leaving short a followed by a hiatus.

Pratyaharas:
eC = complex vowel (e/o/ai/au)
āC = any vowel other than short a (ā/i/ī/u/ū/ṛ/ṝ/ḷ/e/o/ai/au)

D 3.17

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ai + aC =

What happens when final -ai precedes any vowel?

State the general rule followed by the specific procedure.

A

ā

General rule eC + aC
A complex vowel (eC) before any vowel (aC) will convert into components and the second component will semivocalize, etc.

Specific procedure:

  1. convert final ai into components > ā+i
  2. semi-vocalize second component > ā+y
  3. semi-vowel y lost before any vowel, including short a

Pratyaharas:
eC = complex vowel (e/o/ai/au)
aC = any vowel (a/ā/i/ī/u/ū/ṛ/ṝ/ḷ/e/o/ai/au)

General rule, D 3.12
Specific rule, D 3.17, 3.18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

au + aC =

What happens when final -au precedes any vowel?

State the general rule followed by the specific procedure.

A

āv

General rule eC + aC
A complex vowel (eC) before any vowel (aC) will convert into components and the second component will semivocalize.

Specific procedure:

  1. convert complex vowel au into components > ā+u
  2. semi-vocalize second component > ā+v
  3. retain semi-vowel v > āv*

Pratyaharas:
eC = complex vowel (e/o/ai/au)
aC = any vowel (a/ā/i/ī/u/ū/ṛ/ṝ/ḷ/e/o/ai/au)
āC = any vowel other than short a (ā/i/ī/u/ū/ṛ/ṝ/ḷ/e/o/ai/au)

Sources:
General rule, D 3.12
Specific rule, D 3.14, 3.15

The rules as stated on these cards follow Goldman (D.), who doesn’t give a rule for dropping semi-vowel v before short a. He represents y as always dropping and v as always retained. However, Guy Leavitt, for example, says loss/retention of y and v is optional in all cases.

Find out what the story is.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pragṛhya vowels

Three sets of vowels are not subject to the vowel sandhi rules. What are they?

A
  1. Dual endings i/ī/u/ū/e
  2. i/ī in the pronoun amī
  3. vowels of particles or interjections

D. 3.21

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

a/ā + i/ī

What happens when a/ā meets i/ī? State the general rule followed by the specific outcome.

A

e

a/ā + iC

General rule for coalescence of dissimilar vowels where prior is a/ā:
a/ā will gunate a simple vowel and vrddhize a complex vowel.

Specific outcome:
a/ā + i/ī coalesce to guṇa of i which is e

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

a/ā + u/ū

What happens when a/ā meets u/ū? State the general rule followed by the specific outcome.

A

o

a/ā + iC

General rule for coalescence of dissimilar vowels where prior is a/ā:
a/ā will gunate a simple vowel and vrddhize a complex vowel.

Specific outcome:
a/ā + u/ū coalesce to guṇa of u which is o

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

a/ā + ṛ/ṝ

What happens when a/ā meets ṛ/ṝ? State the general rule followed by the specific outcome.

A

ar

a/ā + iC

General rule for coalescence of dissimilar vowels where prior is a/ā:
a/ā will gunate a simple vowel and vrddhize a complex vowel.

Specific outcome:
a/ā + ṛ/ṝ coalesce to guṇa of ṛ/ṝ which is ar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

a/ā + e

What happens when a/ā meets e? State the general rule followed by the specific outcome.

A

ai

a/ā + iC

General rule for coalescence of dissimilar vowels where prior is a/ā:
a/ā will gunate a simple vowel and vrddhize a complex vowel.

Specific outcome:

a/ā + e coalesce to vṛddhi of e which is ai

17
Q

a/ā + o

What happens when a/ā meets o? State the general rule followed by the specific outcome.

A

au

a/ā + iC

General rule for coalescence of dissimilar vowels where prior is a/ā:
a/ā will gunate a simple vowel and vrddhize a complex vowel.

Specific outcome:

a/ā + o coalesce to vṛddhi of o which is au

18
Q

a/ā + ai

What happens when a/ā meets ai? State the general rule followed by the specific outcome.

A

ai

a/ā + iC

General rule for coalescence of dissimilar vowels where prior is a/ā:
a/ā will gunate a simple vowel and vrddhize a complex vowel.

Specific outcome:

a/ā + ai coalesce to vṛddhi of ai which is ai

19
Q

a/ā + au

What happens when a/ā meets au? State the general rule followed by the specific outcome.

A

au

a/ā + iC

General rule for coalescence of dissimilar vowels where prior is a/ā:
a/ā will gunate a simple vowel and vrddhize a complex vowel.

Specific outcome:

a/ā + au coalesce to vṛddhi of au which is au

Panini and Sandhi (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions