Sandhi: Consonant

Question 1

khaY // aŚ

What happens when a nonvoiced final stop meets a voiced initial?

Answer 1

khaY ➝ jaŚ // aŚ

When a non-voiced final stop
meets a voiced initial
It becomes a deaspirated voiced stop.

(Exception: final-t is an exception before voiced palatal j/jh or voiced retroflex ḍ/ḍh)

Pratyaharas:
khaR = all non-voiced sounds (kh ph ch ṭh th c ṭ t k p ś ṣ s)
khaY = all non-voiced stops (kh ph ch ṭh th c ṭ t k p)
aŚ = all voiced sounds (a ā i ī u ū ṛ ṝ ḷ e o ai au h y v r l ñ m ṅ ṇ n jh bh gh ḍh dh j b g ḍ d)
jaŚ = all voiced non-aspirated stops (j b g ḍ d)

D 3.42
For t- exception, see D 3.44-45

Question 2

Final -t (1 of 3)

-t // cu

What happens when final -t meets an initial palatal stop?
R
t + c >
t + ch >
t + j > 
t + jh >

Answer 2

When final -t is followed by an initial palatal stop, it becomes a deaspirated duplicate of that stop.

t+ c > cc-
t + ch > cch-
t + j > jj-
t + jh > jjh-

D 3.44

Question 3

Final -t (2 of 3)

-t // ṭu

What happens when final -t meets an initial retroflex stop?

t+ ṭ >
t + ṭh >
t + ḍ >
t + ḍh >

Answer 3

When final -t meets a retroflex stop, it duplicates it without aspiration.

Retroflex (ṭu)
t+ ṭ > ṭṭ-
t + ṭh >  ṭṭh-
t + ḍ >  ḍḍ-
t + ḍh > ḍḍh-

D 3.44

Question 4

Final -t (3 of 3)

-t // s/ś

What happens when final -t meets initial s/ś-?

Answer 4

t +s/ś ➝ cch

When final t meets initial s/ś, it becomes c and s/ś- becomes ch.

D 3.45

Question 5

Nasals (1 of 6): -m

m // haL

What happens to final m before haL?

Answer 5

m ➝ anusvara (ṃ) // haL

Final m becomes anusvara
before any following initial consonant,
voiced or unvoiced.

Pratyahara:
haL = all consonants (h y v r l ñ m ṅ ṇ n jh bh gh ḍh dh j b g ḍ d kh ph ch ṭh th c ṭ t k p ś ṣ s)x

D 3.49

Question 6

Nasals (2 of 6): -n

-n // chaV

What happens to final -n before chaV?

Answer 6

-n // chaV ➝ ṃ + śaR + chaV

Final -n
before a nonvoiced sparśa of the three sibilant vargas
becomes anusvara,
and a sibilant, homorganic with the nonvoiced sparśa,
is inserted between the new final ṃ and the nonvoiced sparśa.

n// c ➝  ṃśc- 
n// ch ➝  ṃśch-
n// ṭ ➝  ṃs.ṭ- 
n// ṭh ➝  ṃs.ṭh-
n// t ➝  ṃst-
n// th ➝  ṃsth-

Pratyahara:
chaV = non-voiced sparśa of the three sibilant vargas
(ch ṭh th c ṭ t)
śaR = non-voiced sibilants (ś ṣ s)

D 3.51

Question 7

Nasals (3 of 6): -n

-n // voiced palatal stop (j/jh) or voiced retroflex stop (ḍ/ḍh/)

What happens to final -n before an initial voiced palatal or retroflex stop?

Answer 7

Final - n goes to a nasal homorganic with the voiced palatal or retroflex stop:

• n ➝ ñ // j-/jh-
• n ➝ ṇ // ḍ-/ḍh-

D 3.52

Question 8

Nasals (4 of 6): -n

-n // ś-

What happens when final -n meets initial ś?

Answer 8

-n + ś ➝ ńch

Final -n before initial ś- becomes -ñ and the ś- becomes ch-

D 3.53

Question 9

Nasals (5 of 6): -n

-n // l-

What happens when final -n meets initial l-?

Answer 9

-n + l —> ṃll

Final -n before initial l- becomes ṃ and the initial l is doubled

Question 10

Nasals (6 of 6): -n

Short vowel + ñ/ṇ/n // aC

What happens to the nasals of the three sibilant vargas when they occur after a short vowel and before any initial vowel?

Answer 10

ññ/ṇṇ/nn

Final -ñ, -ṇ, and -n are doubled after a short vowel (a/i/u/ṛ/ḷ) and before an initial vowel (aC)

D 3.55

Question 11

jhaY // h

What happens to initial h after any final stop?

Answer 11

jhaY // jhaṢ

After a final stop, initial h becomes the voiced aspirated stop of the preceding final.

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Pratyaharas:

jhaY = all stops
jhaṢ = all voiced aspirated stops

Question 12

khaY // khaR

What happens to a non-voiced final stop before any non-voiced initial (stop or sibilant)?

Answer 12

khaY ➝ no change

A non-voiced final stop
before any non-voiced initial (stop or sibilant)
remains unchanged.