Sample Questions 1 Flashcards
What :
- the reactant in hydrolysis,
- solubilizes many of the end products of digestion
- allows us to the taste the food
- carries the digestive enzymes out of the exocrine organs into the GI lumen
water
Exocrine secretion is episodic except for that of the
liver for it always secretes bile
Exocrine secretion of the gastrointestinal tract are reabsorbed by:
- the small intestine
- the large intestine
- the gallbladder
The volume absorbed daily by the small intestine amounts to about ____ / day.
10 Liters
Intrinsic factor is a
protein
The number of milliequivalents of HCl secreted by the stomach each day is about _______ the number of milliequivalents of NaHCO3 secreted by the pancreas.
equal to
Undigested dietary elements do not become dry in the lumen of the ileum because:
the connections between the ileal epithelial cells do not permit a large osmotic gradient to develop between blood and lumen
Early in the the postabsorptive phase of metabolism the nonnervous tissues of the body use ____ for energy.
fatty acids
What is characterized by a lower than normal number of insulin receptors?
Type II diabetes
Hormones essential for life
ICPA
- insulin
- aldosterone
- cortisol
- parathyroid hormone
When released into the blood, _____, will readily enter into the cytoplasm of most cells of the body.
steroids
What activate 2nd messenger pathways in target cells?
catecholamines
Cytoplasmic molecules that are 2nd messengers of target cells are:
- cyclic guanosine monophosphate
- diacylglycerol
- inositol triphosphate
The time course of the response of target cells to a steroid hormone is limited by
liver pathways that clear hormone from the blood
Thyroglobulin synthesis is stimulated when thyroid stimulating hormone bind to its membrane receptor in the _____ ______ ______.
thyroid follicular cell
Histamine potentiates the secretion of HCl by the stomach induced by exposure to gastrin or acetylcholine. If histamine by itself causes maximally 10meq H+ ion to be secreted and gastrin by itself causes maximally 5 meq H+ to be secreted then when exposed to both histamine and gastrin
significantly mmore than 15 meq will be secreted
Protein hormones such as insulin and growth hormone do not stimulate protein synthesis in their target tissues. True or false?
false
Anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary hormones are all proteins. True or false.
true
Cortisol acts in its target tissues by upregulating the activity of preexisting effector proteins through their phosphorylation. True or false?
False, steroid
Releasing hormones of the hypothalamus
are released from neuroendocrine cells capable of generating action potentials
Gonadotropes release two peptide hormones into the blood. True or false?
true
The hypothalamus and pituitary together regulate
- reproduction and lactation
- thyroid function and adrenal function
- growth of body tissues, regulation of blood volume and blood pressure
- body metabolism
Growth hormone is released from somatotropes and causes release of insulin like growth factor, a protein hormone, which, among other actions inhibits GH secretion (i.e. negative feedback). ILGF is likely to act upon the somatotrope by
- binding to membrane receptors on the somatotrope
- cause 2nd messengers to block vesicular release of stored GH
The primary function of the lower esophageoal sphinter is to
prevent gastric contents from entering into the esophagus
