Sample Questions 1

Question 1

What :

• the reactant in hydrolysis,
• solubilizes many of the end products of digestion
• allows us to the taste the food
• carries the digestive enzymes out of the exocrine organs into the GI lumen

Answer 1

water

Question 2

Exocrine secretion is episodic except for that of the

Answer 2

liver for it always secretes bile

Question 3

Exocrine secretion of the gastrointestinal tract are reabsorbed by:

Answer 3

• the small intestine
• the large intestine
• the gallbladder

Question 4

The volume absorbed daily by the small intestine amounts to about ____ / day.

Answer 4

10 Liters

Question 5

Intrinsic factor is a

Answer 5

protein

Question 6

The number of milliequivalents of HCl secreted by the stomach each day is about _______ the number of milliequivalents of NaHCO3 secreted by the pancreas.

Answer 6

equal to

Question 7

Undigested dietary elements do not become dry in the lumen of the ileum because:

Answer 7

the connections between the ileal epithelial cells do not permit a large osmotic gradient to develop between blood and lumen

Question 8

Early in the the postabsorptive phase of metabolism the nonnervous tissues of the body use ____ for energy.

Answer 8

fatty acids

Question 9

What is characterized by a lower than normal number of insulin receptors?

Answer 9

Type II diabetes

Question 10

Hormones essential for life

Answer 10

ICPA

• insulin
• aldosterone
• cortisol
• parathyroid hormone

Question 11

When released into the blood, _____, will readily enter into the cytoplasm of most cells of the body.

Answer 11

steroids

Question 12

What activate 2nd messenger pathways in target cells?

Answer 12

catecholamines

Question 13

Cytoplasmic molecules that are 2nd messengers of target cells are:

Answer 13

• cyclic guanosine monophosphate
• diacylglycerol
• inositol triphosphate

Question 14

The time course of the response of target cells to a steroid hormone is limited by

Answer 14

liver pathways that clear hormone from the blood

Question 15

Thyroglobulin synthesis is stimulated when thyroid stimulating hormone bind to its membrane receptor in the _____ ______ ______.

Answer 15

thyroid follicular cell

Question 16

Histamine potentiates the secretion of HCl by the stomach induced by exposure to gastrin or acetylcholine. If histamine by itself causes maximally 10meq H+ ion to be secreted and gastrin by itself causes maximally 5 meq H+ to be secreted then when exposed to both histamine and gastrin

Answer 16

significantly mmore than 15 meq will be secreted

Question 17

Protein hormones such as insulin and growth hormone do not stimulate protein synthesis in their target tissues. True or false?

Answer 17

false

Question 18

Anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary hormones are all proteins. True or false.

Answer 18

true

Question 19

Cortisol acts in its target tissues by upregulating the activity of preexisting effector proteins through their phosphorylation. True or false?

Answer 19

False, steroid

Question 20

Releasing hormones of the hypothalamus

Answer 20

are released from neuroendocrine cells capable of generating action potentials

Question 21

Gonadotropes release two peptide hormones into the blood. True or false?

Answer 21

true

Question 22

The hypothalamus and pituitary together regulate

Answer 22

• reproduction and lactation
• thyroid function and adrenal function
• growth of body tissues, regulation of blood volume and blood pressure
• body metabolism

Question 23

Growth hormone is released from somatotropes and causes release of insulin like growth factor, a protein hormone, which, among other actions inhibits GH secretion (i.e. negative feedback). ILGF is likely to act upon the somatotrope by

Answer 23

• binding to membrane receptors on the somatotrope
• cause 2nd messengers to block vesicular release of stored GH

Question 24

The primary function of the lower esophageoal sphinter is to

Answer 24

prevent gastric contents from entering into the esophagus