SAM II Exam II Material - Ophthalmology Flashcards
Primary lens luxations are due to:
Inherited dysplasia or degeneration of zonules
- DNA testing can be done for clear, carrier, and genetically affected
- Predisposed: Terrier breeds, poodles, Shar Peis, others
Which of the following treatments would be least indicated in the treatment of a deep corneal ulcer?
- Autologous serum administration on the eye
- Conjunctival graft
- Gentamycin ophthalmic drops
- Grid keratotomy
Grid keratotomy
This is the most common cause of glaucoma in cats:
uveitis
What is the most common eyelid tumor that we see in the cat?
Squamous cell carcinoma
MALIGNANT!!
Holes or defects in uveal tissue (iris or choroid):
colobomas
- Holes or defects in uveal tissue: iris or choroid
- Typical at 6 o’clock
- Choroidal colobomas can result in poor retinal development = impaired vision
Which of the following are congenital diseases of the eyelids?
- Dermoids
- Entropion
- Eyelid agenesis
Dermoids and Eyelid agenesis
When a dog can’t close its eyes completely (and sleeps with its eyes open), this is termed:
lagophthalmos
A cat presented with conjunctivitis (owner called it a ‘red eye’). Fluorescein stain showed a small corneal ulcer. Tear production was also lower than expected for a cat. What is the most likely cause of these signs?
herpes virus
Intumescent cataracts are associated with what systemic metabolic disease?
Diabetes mellitus
- Hyperglycemia causes high glucose in the lens → Hexokinase becomes saturates so alternate sorbitol pathway is used → Sorbitol and fructose accumulate in the lens → Sorbitol cannot escape from the lens, resulting in hypertonicity → causes water uptake, swelling, and rupture of lens fibers → uveitis*
- (Note: cats do not have the alternative sorbitol pathway)*
What IOP is indicative of glaucoma?
> 25 mmHg
This is a purulent bacterial infection of the meibomian gland (internal site) or skin gland of the lid (gland of Moll or Zeis/external site):
hordeolum or stye
- Clinical signs: red raised area on lid margin; epiphora; blepharospasm, blepharedema
- Painful and comes to a head on outside of lid
- Often seen in young dogs but also cats
- May be multiple
- Treatment: local warm packs, topical & systemic anti-inflammatories & antibiotics
- May need culture and sensitivity if chronic recurrent infection
- Rarely need surgical correction
A cat presents with this fleshy growth with superficial vascularization on the lateral conjunctiva. You perform a cytology and note infiltrates of eosinophils, plasma cells and lymphocytes. What is your diagnosis?
Feline Eosinophilic Keratoconjunctivitis
- May be associated with FHV‐1 immune stimulation or reaction
-
Treatment: topical glucocorticoids only if no corneal ulcer (may need to use cyclosporine)
- Could activate herpes infection!
What are the 5 basic layers of the cornea?
- Tear film
- Epithelium
- Stroma
- Descemet’s membrane
- Posterior epithelium
_T_hat _E_ye’s _S_o _D_amn _P_imp
Glaucoma can be caused by any of the following except:
- Intraocular neoplasia
- Lens luxation
- Uveitis
- Abnormal iridocorneal angle
- Optic nerve atrophy
Optic nerve atrophy
What is the term used to describe ingrowth or introversion of the eyelashes resulting in normal hairs contacting the cornea?
trichiasis
-
Normal hairs contacting cornea
- Eyelids/lashes, nasal fold fur
- Common in long-haired dogs & brachycephalics
-
Often subclinical
- Epiphora
- Corneal pigmentation and ulcerations
What treatment for indolent ulcers has the highest rate of success?
superficial keratectomy
- Best chance of success (99-100%), but most invasive
- Remove epithelial layer & parts of stroma allowing for reformation of normal epithelial complexes
- Success proves the poor healing is related to abnormal BM & lack of stroma adhesion
- Not recommended as first line due to need for general anesthesia and cost
- Not recommended in cats: may predispose to formation of a corneal sequestrum.
- Referral procedure usually
T/F: The majority of diabetic dogs develop cataracts within 1 year of diagnosis despite adequate glycemic control
True
inflammation of the lacrimal sac is termed:
dacryocystitis
Identify this progressive, bilateral, inflammatory, non‐ulcerative potentially blinding corneal abnormality:
chronic superficial keratitis
(aka Pannus or Uberreiter’s syndrome)
- Immune-mediated theory: Reaction to corneal antigens; exacerbated by exposure to UV light & possibly associated with high altitudes.
-
German shepherds:
- Young, 1–5 yrs, usually severely progressive & extensive
- Older dogs, 4 ‐6 yrs slowly progressive & extensive
- Greyhounds: 2‐3 yrs with relatively mild lesions
An overflow of tears on the cheek is termed:
epiphora
T/F: Lagopathalmos refers to the inability to open the eyelids completely
False
Lagopathalmos refers to the inability to close the eyelids completely
T/F: Cyclosporine A is a drug of choice for treatment of KCS and Pannus
True
Which one of the following findings is NOT found with acute glaucoma?
- Cloudy cornea
- Blindness
- Buphthalmia
- Red eye
- Painful eye
Buphthalmia
- What kind of ulcer is this?
- What part of the cornea is affected?
- How is it treated?
- How long will it take to heal?
- When will you do a recheck fluorescein stain?
-
Superficial corneal ulcer
- Superficial epithelial layer is affected
- Treated with topical antibiotics (BNP if it’s a dog)
- May take ~1 week to heal
- Recheck in 1-4 days
What is the most common cause of cataracts in dogs?
developmental
- Hereditary
- Many breeds
- 1‐7 years old
- Often bilateral; can be asymmetrical
In general, what are the three main tests that should be performed on all eyes and in a specific order?
- Schirmer Tear Test (STT)
- Fluorescein stain (FS)
- Tonometry
This dog presents with “big eye” on the left and decreased vision for 2 weeks. He now has ocular cloudiness bilaterally and has also stopped eating. On physical examination, you note exophthalmos on the left, anterior uveitis bilaterally, and peripheral lymphadenopathy. Temperature = 39.5˚C
What diagnostic test could be done next to help with your diagnosis?
Lymph node aspiration or biopsy
-
What are some differential diagnoses for lymphadenopathy?
- Lymphoma
- Tick-borne disease
- Fungal disease
- Protozoal disease
EXTREME exophthalmos is termed:
proptosis
forward displacement of the globe with simultaneous entrapment of the eyelids behind the equator
T/F: Corticosteroids are the drug of choice for treating corneal ulcers
FALSE
IF EVER ASKED ABOUT STEROIDS AND ULCERS, IN GENERAL THE ANSWER IS AVOID.
The only real exception to this is to treat Superficial Punctate Keratitis
What is normal IOP in the dog?
10-25mmHg
What is your diagnosis?
essential iris atrophy
- (aka stromal iris atrophy)
- Holes are present in the iris so that you can see tapetal reflex through the defects
- PLR is reduced, but does not affect vision
A 7-year-old obese dog presents with acute onset blindness, mydriasis, slow or no PLRs, positive but slow dazzle response. You don’t note any abnormalities on fundic examination. How do you definitively diagnose this condition?
ERG
The description is of SARDS (Sudden Acquired Retinal Degeneration Syndrome)
What are the indications for surgical intervention with regard to deep corneal ulcers?
- Deep ulcer (melting, perforating, or descemetocele) that may rupture
- Greater than 50% of the corneal thickness
- If refractory to medical therapy
You surgically repaired a ‘Cherry eye’ using one of the techniques recommended in class. Which of the following should you tell the owner?
- Artificial tears will be needed for rest of the patient’s life
- Epiphora could occur as result of the prolapse
- The other gland could prolapse
- Topical cyclosporine will help prevent future prolapses
The other gland could prolapse
Which of the following is one advantage to direct ophthalmoscopy?
- A better view of the anterior chamber
- A more magnified image
- A wider field of vision
- Less interference by choroid
A more magnified image
What is hallmark sign of uveitis?
aqueous flare
During slit lamp examination of the eye, an abnormal appearance of the beam of light as it travels through the anterior chamber. The flare is caused by light reflecting off proteins in the aqueous humor. It is found in patients with inflammation in the anterior chamber.
__________ is a firm, usually nonpainful swelling of the meibomian gland caused by the accumulation of secretions that results in chronic inflammation and a granulomatous reaction
chalazion
The treatment of choice for adult dogs with entropion is:
Hotz-Celsus technique
Inward rolling of the eyelids is termed:
entropion
-
Inherited or Breed-related:
- Medial: brachycephalics usually
- Dorsolateral/ventrolateral: giant breeds
- Circumferential: Shar Peis & Chow Chows
- Puppies may “grow out of it”
-
Acquired: more common in cats
- Spastic: Chronic blepharospasm
- Non-spastic: Post-trauma or surgery
To treat eyelid lacerations, you should first clean the area. You should avoid chlorhexidine, but you can use betadine. What should you do with betadine before using is on an eyelid laceration?
dilute the shit out of it!
Can use VERY VERY dilute betadine on corneal surface (1:50 dilution)
What is the treatment for the corneal abnormality shown?
benign neglect (active monitoring)
The image shows Florida Keratopathy (aka Florida spots, Florida keratitis, Caribbean keratopathy)
In the case of posterior synechia, the __________ sticks to the __________
In the case of posterior synechia, the iris sticks to the lens
What layer of the tear film is closest to the cornea?
mucous layer (goblet cells)
-
Three tear film layers:
- Inner mucin layer
- Middle aqueous layer
- Outer lipid layer
Define enucleation:
removal of the globe of the eye
Identify the type of ulcerative keratitis:
superficial punctate keratitis
T/F: IV mannitol is indicated in a case of acute primary glaucoma
True
IV mannitol osmotically draws water from eye; dehydrates vitreous
Which of the following clinical signs is not typically associated with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)?
- Conjunctivitis
- Corneal ulcer
- Hyphema
- Mucopurulent discharge
Hyphema
What drugs are well-known to cause keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)?
Sulfa drugs and Etogesic (NSAID)
Identify the corneal abnormality:
corneal foreign body
- Penetrating FB will need to be removed; some might be flushed out with saline
- May need surgery for ruptured cornea
- Remove any prolapsed iris that is devitalized; will likely have uveitis too with prolapsed iris
- Use conjunctival flap if > 2/3 cornea involved
Identify this corneal abnormality:
persistent pupillary membrane
- Usually of minimal significance
- See focally pigmented endothelial opacity & a uveal strand that extends from the iris collarette (not from iris margin)
- Common for the strand to be resorbed leaving just a patch on the back of the cornea
- Naturally regress from pupillary membrane during the first 6 to 8 weeks of life
- All breeds, but especially Basenji and Pembroke Welsh Corgi
You suspect herpesvirus in a cat with conjunctivitis. What is the best modality to confirm your diagnosis?
PCR
Ignore the fact that this picture is of a human. What congenital uveal disease is present?
persistent pupillary membranes
- Failure of complete regression of embryonic pupillary membrane
- Normally regress by 6-8 weeks
- No treatment
What surgical procedure is shown here?
conjunctival graft (pedicle graft)
used in the treatment of deep ulcers
-
Conjunctival graft advantages
- Mechanical support for weak area
- Continuous supply of serum, anticollagenases, GFs
- Immediate source of actively replicating fibroblasts for collagen regeneration in the stroma
- Route for systemic antibiotics to be delivered to ulcer
__________ is the most common cause of conjunctivitis in cats and kittens
herpesvirus
- Feline Herpesviral Conjunctivitis
-
3 different age presentations
-
Neonatal Ophthalmia
- Ankyloblepharon
- Symblepharon
-
8-12 wks
- Upper respiratory and ocular signs
-
Mature
- Recrudescence
- Harbored in CN V ganglion
-
Neonatal Ophthalmia
What drug is most commonly used to stimulate tear production in a KCS case?
Topical Cyclosporine A
If that is not working, Topical Tacrolimus is the 2nd choice
-
Cyclosporine A: T cell inhibitor
- Directly lacrimogenic
- Inhibits pigmentation & vascularization
- Q 12 hr topically; Up to 8 wks to max effect
-
Tacrolimus: topical
- Refractory cases
- Up to 30% better response
What is most likely the cause of superficial punctate keratopathy?
tear film deficiency (mucin deficiency most likely)
- May also be an autoimmune disease
- Superficial keratitis from mild insults or after anesthesia can look similar but not the same disease
Was this image taken using a direct or indirect ophthalmoscopic technique?
indirect
- Inverted, reversed image
- Larger field of view
- Can see periphery
- Distant from patient
T/F: Eyelid tumors are often benign in cats
False
- Eyelid tumors are infrequent and often malignant in cats
- Squamous cell carcinoma most common in cat & is malignant
- Others: basal cell carcinoma, mast cell tumor, apocrine hidrocystomas in Persians and Himalayans
- Treatment: Surgery, chemo, RT, Cryo, grafts
Abnormal growth of the cilia from the Meibomian gland openings is termed:
distichiasis
- Aberrant cilia erupt from Meibomian gland openings
- Common in dogs, uncommon in cats, rare in horses
- Upper or lower lid
-
May be incidental findings
- Keratitis, epiphora, ulcers, etc.
What cranial nerves are tested with the menace response?
CN II (optic) and CN VII (facial)
__________ is the 2nd most common cause of conjunctivitis in cats and kittens
Chlamydophila felis
- Obligate intracellular bacterium
- Conjunctivitis most common clinical sign in cats
- Chemosis
- Respiratory & GI: mild or absent
-
Diagnosis
- Conj. Smear cytology: intracellular inclusion bodies ; can submit for fluorescent Ab test
- Conj. Swab: PCR for organism
-
Treatment
- Supportive care
- Topical tetracyclines, chloramphenicol (Risk for humans)
- Systemic doxycycline if severe
Pannus may be bilateral, but lesions are not symmetrical in development. It starts at the ________ as red vascularized area on conjunctiva before speading centrally
Pannus may be bilateral, but lesions are not symmetrical in development. It starts at the temporal limbus as red vascularized area on conjunctiva becoming “fleshy” before speading centrally
Is buphthalmia seen in acute or chronic glaucoma cases?
chronic
T/F: Blue irises are a form of iris hypoplasia
True
Enlarged globe caused by ↑ IOP is termed:
buphthalmos
↑ IOP, often blind with mydriasis, often painful, often firm but should retropulse
All of the following clinical signs may be seen with uveitis. Which one(s) is/are specific for uveitis?
- Blepharospasm
- Episcleral injection
- Corneal edema
- Deep perilimbal vascularization
- Aqueous flare
- Miosis
- Iritis
- Hypopyon or hyphema
- Aqueous flare
- Miosis
- Hypopyon or hyphema
Name two contraindications for using Tropicamide:
glaucoma and some lens luxations
-
0.5-1% Tropicamide (Mydriacyl®)
-
Rapidly dilates pupil
- Within 15-30 min; can repeat if not dilated in 10 min.
- Short duration 6-8 hours
-
Well tolerated
- Salivation in cats
-
Rapidly dilates pupil
What are the three main acquired diseases of the lens?
- Nuclear or lenticular sclerosis
- Cataracts: focal or diffuse opacity of lens or lens capsule
- Luxations: displacement of lens from its normal fossa
T/F: Cherry eye is treated by removing the gland of the nictitans
NO!
About ___% of acquired KCS cases are immune-mediated
About 80% of acquired KCS cases are immune-mediated
- Lymphoplasmacytic inflammation of lacrimal (and nictitans) glands
- Progressive until complete gland destruction
You diagnosed an acute superficial corneal ulcer in a dog. Which of the following would be incorrect information to give to the owner?
- An E collar needs to be kept on the dog until the ulcer heals
- Most of these cases resolve in 2-6 days
- Topical antibiotics are indicated because infection is often present
- You will need to put medications into the eye every hour for the first 24 hours
You will need to put medications into the eye every hour for the first 24 hours
(this is part of the treatment plan for deep ulcers)
What part of the eye produces aqueous humor?
ciliary body
In the case of anterior synechia, the ________ sticks to the ________
In the case of anterior synechia, the iris sticks to the cornea