Salter Chapter 1

Question 1

Fundamentals: Conditioning & Hypnosis

Answer 1

Psychoanalysis—vague methods, long treatment, dull/unimpressive results

Psychotherapy using “Pavlovian science of reflex therapy” can be quick and efficacious

Conditioned reflex=associative reflex, do not involve volitional thinking

Main point: Hypnosis is basically conditioning

Question 2

C.V. Hudgins’ experiments

Answer 2

UCS light→UCR pupillary reflex (pupil involuntarily contracts)

Bell + light →pupil contracts; Bell becomes CS

CS experimenter saying “contract”

CS subject saying contract

CS subject thinks of word “contract”

Question 3

Hypnosis

Answer 3

Words are the bells of conditioned reflexes—they elicit responses (e.g., emotions) based on associations

Hypnosis—based on associative reflexes that used words as the triggers of automatic reactions

• Eliciting of a state (not a production of a state)
• Suggestion is the most simple form of a typical conditioned reflex in man

Question 4

Hallucinations

Answer 4

Visual & auditory hallucinations are the most fascinating phenomena under hypnosis

Ellson’s Pavlovian style experiment

NS light + UCS gradual fade in/out tone → UCR report hearing tone

CS light→CR report hearing tone

Conclusion: Hallucinations can be conditioned