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Infectious Agents > Salmonella > Flashcards

Salmonella Flashcards

1
Q

Is salmonella part of the normal flora?

A

No, but colonizes animals without causing clinical disease

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2
Q

What are the 2 species of salmonella

A
  • S. bongori: benign

- S. enterica

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3
Q

Subspecies 1 (enterica)

A

Associated with 99% of salmonella infections in human and warm-blooded animals

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4
Q

S. arizonae

A

Subspecies IIIa

- only other subspecies that is found in warm-blooded animals

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5
Q

S. enterica arizonae

A

Originally found in reptiles, also occurs in fowl and other domestic animals

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6
Q

Most salmonella are not _______

A

Host adapted

- S. typhimurium is most frequent cause of disease

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7
Q

Classes of salmonella that are host-adapted and may or may not cause disease in other hosts

A
  • S. typhi: humans
  • S. choleraesuis: pigs
  • S. dublin: cattle
  • S. pullorum and S. gallinarum: poultry
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8
Q

_________ are innately resistant to salmonellosis

A

Healthy adult carnivores

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9
Q

Habitat of salmonella

A

Intestinal tract of verberates

  • excretion contaminates food, water, and environment
  • fertilizers and feeds made from animal products and milk products are frequently contaminated
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10
Q

Most common sources of transmission for people

A

Animals and animal products!!!

- especially meat, poultry, milk, and pet turtles

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11
Q

Pet turtles

A

Since 1975, FDA has banned sale of turtles with shell length less than 4 inches in size as pets due to salmonella infections in young children

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12
Q

What are the 2 major forms of salmonella?

A

Enteritis and septicemia (typhoid)

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13
Q

Enteritis

A

Fever, anorexia, depression, foul-smelling watery feces that contains fibrin, mucus, and blood
- death due to dehydration, electrolyte loss, and acid base imbalance

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14
Q

Septicemia

A

Pneumonia, meningitis, polyarthritis in young and agalactica and abortion in adults

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15
Q

Horses

A

S. typhimurium and S. anatum

  • acute colitis with profuse diarrhea, abdominal pain
  • febrile!
  • highly contagious and adult horses are susceptible
  • colic, GI surgery, antimicrobial therapy predispose
  • septicemia in neonates
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16
Q

What are the 3 species that cause enteritis in humans?

A
  • typhimurium
  • enteritidis
  • newport
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17
Q

What are the 3 species that cause enteritis in cattle?

A

Typhimurium, dublin, and newport

  • 4-6 week old calves most commonly affected
  • bloody diarrhea, fever
  • sometimes causes septicemia –> septicemia caused by dublin leads to pneumonia in calves
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18
Q

Species specific to swine

A

Typhimurium, choleraesuis

  • common in weaned pigs less than 5 months old
  • stress induced
  • typhimurium causes enterocolitis
  • choleraesuis causes septicemia
19
Q

What are the 3 diseases in chickens?

A
  • paratyphoid
  • pullorum
  • fowl typhoid
20
Q

Paratyphoid

A

Motile salmonella (anything but pullorum or gallinarum)

  • serovars that cause paratyphoid include: enteritidis, infantis, typhimurium
  • highest loss due to septicemia in <2 weeks old
21
Q

Pullorum disease

A

S. pullorum

  • vertically transmitted with septicemia at 2-3 weeks
  • rare in US, only 2 backyard cases in 2001-2002
  • carriers detected by agglutination titiers
22
Q

Fowl typhoid

A

S. gallinarum

  • vertically transmitted
  • septicemia in young and adult birds
  • rare in US
  • diagnose via culture from liver or spleen by agglutination titers
23
Q

S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis infects ______

A

Wide range of animals (poultry, pigs, cattle) and humans

  • usually causes self-limited enteritis
  • host adapted S. typhi causes systemic illness in humans (typhoid)
24
Q

What is the major source of infection?

A

The carrier state

- can still survive for long periods in the environment

25
Excretion increases or disease reactivation occurs in carriers due to ______
Stress
26
Mary Mallon
Typhoid Mary | - first person in US to be identified as a healthy carrier of typhoid fever
27
Virulence factors
Type 3 secretion system and effector proteins are main factors - fimbriae to mediate attachement - LPS to stimulate host inflammatory response
28
Capsule
Vi antigen - not antiphagocytic!!! --> phagocytosis contributes to pathogenesis - protects from complement
29
Oral route to intestine pathogenesis
Occurs with normal flora imbalance to absence - association with enterocytes mediated by fimbriae --> M cells are target - invasion of enterocytes by receptor-mediated endocytosis --> type 3 secretion system
30
Bacterial proteins disrupt ______ function
Enterocyte - causes release of cytokines (IL8), recruiting neutrophils to invade and transcytose to intestinal lumen - -> neutrophils release prostaglandins, causing adenylate cyclase activity in intestinal cells, increased cAMP = distruption of Na/Cl pumps
31
What specifically causes diarrhea?
Disruption of Na/Cl pumps | - secretory diarrhea
32
Does salmonella produce enterotoxins?
No! | - similar to EHEC
33
Where are bacteria found in a latent carrier state?
Some are transcytosed to lamina propria, or are phagocytosed by professional phagocytes and persist there
34
How does salmonella cause systemic infection?
Persists in professional phagocytes and are protected from antibodies - cause systemic infection with host-adapted serovars
35
How does salmonella survive?
Survives in special salmonella modified vacuoles that fail to fuse with lysosomes
36
Resistance is related to _____ and ______
Age of animal and serovar of salmonella | - both humoral and cell mediated immunity are important in resistance
37
________ provide the best protection against challenge
Live vaccines - stimulates CMI - may vaccinate poultry
38
Antibiotic treatment
Controversial - alters the intestinal microflora that prolongs shedding of the organism - if you have to treat use doxycycline
39
Media growth
Most are non-lactose fermenters, except S. arizonae group
40
Salmonella enterica arizonae is rare in ________
Warm blooded animals | - exception: reptiles, chicks, and turkey poults
41
S. enterica arizonae disease
Causes acute septicemic disease of young turkey poults known as arizonosis - clinically indistinguishable from other salmonellosis - diarrhea, pasting of the down around the vent, blindness, nervous system signs
42
Klebsiella
K. pneumoniae - foals: pneumonia and pyosepticemia - cows: coliform mastitis opportunists!
43
Enterobacter-serratia
Causes coliform mastitis in cows | - opportunistic in mixed infections
44
Proteus
UTI and otitis externa in dogs | - hypermotile "swarming on plates"

Infectious Agents (44 decks)

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