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CVS > Salman (cm valvular diseases) > Flashcards

Salman (cm valvular diseases) Flashcards

1
Q

Radial Pulse - Collapsing Pulse

A

Associated with Aortic Regurgitation (AR)

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2
Q

Radial Pulse - Weak Slow Rising Pulse

A

Associated with Aortic Stenosis (AS)

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3
Q

Radial Pulse - Irregularly Irregular Pulse

A

Associated with Mitral Stenosis (MS)

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4
Q

Jerky Dancing Carotid Pulse (Corrigan Sign)

A

Associated with Aortic Regurgitation (AR)

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5
Q

Slow Rising Carotid Pulse

A

Associated with Aortic Stenosis (AS)

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6
Q

Heaving Apex Beat

A

Indicates Hypertrophy in Aortic Stenosis (AS)

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7
Q

Hyperdynamic Displaced Apex Beat

A

Indicates Dilation in Aortic Regurgitation (AR) and Mitral Regurgitation (MR)

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8
Q

Systolic Murmur in AS

A

Ejection systolic murmur

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9
Q

Early Diastolic Murmur in AR

A

Indicates Aortic Regurgitation (AR)

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10
Q

Mid-Diastolic Murmur in MS

A

Indicates Mitral Stenosis (MS)

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11
Q

Pansystolic Murmur in MR

A

Indicates Mitral Regurgitation (MR)

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12
Q

Mid-End Systolic Click

A

Indicates Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)

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13
Q

Definition of Mitral Regurgitation

A

Backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium due to improper closure of the mitral valve

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14
Q

Volume Overload in Ventricles & Atrium

A

Leads to dilation and heart failure

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15
Q

Causes of Mitral Regurgitation

A

Myocardial infarction, infective endocarditis, mitral valve prolapse

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16
Q

Myocardial Infarction and MR

A

Ruptured papillary muscle causing mitral regurgitation

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17
Q

Infective Endocarditis and MR

A

Ruptured chordae tendineae causing mitral regurgitation

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18
Q

Mitral Valve Prolapse and MR

A

Myxomatous degeneration leading to mitral regurgitation

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19
Q

Symptoms of MR

A

Palpitations, exertional dyspnea, sudden dyspnea in acute cases

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20
Q

Signs of MR

A

Soft S1, pansystolic murmur, hyperdynamic & displaced apex beat, S3 sound, pulmonary hypertension

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21
Q

Diagnosis of MR

A

Chest X-ray (LV & LA dilation), echocardiogram

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22
Q

Complications of MR

A

Left heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy

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23
Q

Treatment of MR

A

Diuretics, ACE inhibitors, mitral valve repair or replacement

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24
Q

Indications for Valve Replacement in MR

A

Symptomatic patients or asymptomatic patients with specific echocardiographic findings

25
Q

Definition of Mitral Stenosis

A

Narrowing of the mitral valve opening, increasing pressure in the left atrium

26
Q

Normal Mitral Valve Area

A

4-6 cm²

27
Q

Severe Mitral Stenosis Valve Area

A

<1 cm²

28
Q

Primary Cause of Mitral Stenosis

A

Rheumatic heart disease

29
Q

Pathophysiology of Mitral Stenosis

A

Increased left atrial pressure, pulmonary edema, pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy

30
Q

Common Complication

A

Atrial fibrillation due to increased left atrial pressure

31
Q

Symptoms of Mitral Stenosis

A

Exertional dyspnea, stroke symptoms if atrial fibrillation occurs

32
Q

Signs of Mitral Stenosis

A

Irregularly irregular pulse, tapping apex beat, loud S1, opening snap, mid-diastolic murmur

33
Q

Diagnosis of Mitral Stenosis

A

ECG, chest X-ray, echocardiogram

34
Q

Complications of Mitral Stenosis

A

Stroke (due to atrial fibrillation), pulmonary hypertension, right heart failure

35
Q

Treatment of Mitral Stenosis

A

Warfarin and beta-blockers if atrial fibrillation, diuretics for dyspnea, definitive treatment via percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV) or mitral valve replacement

36
Q

Indications of Severe Mitral Stenosis

A

Short interval between opening snap and S2 sound

37
Q

Definition of Aortic Stenosis

A

Narrowing of the aortic valve, increasing pressure in the left ventricle

38
Q

Primary Causes of Aortic Stenosis

A

Calcification of the aortic valve (elderly), congenital bicuspid valve, rheumatic fever

39
Q

Pathophysiology of Aortic Stenosis

A

Increased left ventricular pressure leading to hypertrophy, eventual heart failure and ischemia

40
Q

Risk Factors for Calcified Aortic Stenosis

A

Hypertension, diabetes, smoking, high cholesterol

41
Q

Symptoms of Aortic Stenosis

A

Angina, syncope, pulmonary edema

42
Q

Signs of Aortic Stenosis

A

Slow-rising and late-peaking carotid pulse, heaving apex beat, mid-systolic crescendo-decrescendo murmur radiating to carotids, absent or paradoxically split S2

43
Q

Diagnosis of Aortic Stenosis

A

Chest X-ray (LV hypertrophy), ECG (LV hypertrophy), echocardiogram, cardiac catheterization

44
Q

Treatment of Asymptomatic Aortic Stenosis

A

Annual serial echocardiograms

45
Q

Treatment of Symptomatic Aortic Stenosis

A

Aortic valve replacement

46
Q

Complications of Aortic Stenosis

A

Left heart failure, ventricular fibrillation

47
Q

A:Syncope in Elderly

A

Usually due to Aortic Stenosis

48
Q

A: Syncope in Young

A

Usually due to vasovagal attack

49
Q

Definition of Aortic Regurgitation

A

Backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle due to improper closure of the aortic valve

50
Q

Primary Causes of Aortic Regurgitation

A

Marfan syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, infective endocarditis, aortic dissection

51
Q

Pathophysiology of Aortic Regurgitation

A

Increased volume load on the left ventricle leading to dilation and hyperdynamic displaced apex, heart failure at a later stage

52
Q

Characteristic Pulse of Aortic Regurgitation

A

Collapsing pulse (Corrigan’s sign)

53
Q

Symptoms of Aortic Regurgitation

A

Shortness of breath, palpitations

54
Q

Signs of Aortic Regurgitation

A

Collapsing pulse, jerky carotid pulse (Corrigan’s sign), hyperdynamic apex beat, early diastolic murmur

55
Q

Diagnosis of Aortic Regurgitation

A

Chest X-ray (LV enlargement), ECG, echocardiogram

56
Q

Treatment for Asymptomatic Aortic Regurgitation

A

Annual serial echocardiograms (every 6 months if severe)

57
Q

Treatment for Asymptomatic Aortic Regurgitation with Marfan Syndrome

A

Beta-blockers

58
Q

Treatment for Symptomatic Aortic Regurgitation

A

Aortic valve replacement

59
Q

Treatment for Left Heart Failure in Aortic Regurgitation

A

ACE inhibitors

CVS (6 decks)

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