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Oral Histology Exam 3 > Salivary Glands Module 1 > Flashcards

Salivary Glands Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

severe hyposalivation

A

increase incidence of caries is often seen in patients with reduced salivary flow

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2
Q

what causes reduction in salivation?

A

head and neck radiotherapy
autoimmune disease
sjogren’s syndrome

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3
Q

what does scintigraphy test?

A

salivary function

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4
Q

how is scintigraphy test done?

A

pt injected intravenously with radioactive compound that emits gamma radiation, allowing it to be visible radiographically and it binds to the ion membrane transport system of salivary and other gland cells

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5
Q

what glands show up normally with scintigraphy?

A

thyroid gland, parotid gland, submandibular gland, minor glands of soft palate and pharynx, nasal mucous glands

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6
Q

what do patient with congenital salivary aplasia lack?

A

radioactivity in parotid and submandibular glands, and minor glands affected.

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7
Q

what is agenesis?

A

lack of development (in this case- both sets of salivary glands)

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8
Q

genetic abnormalities of major salivary glands

A

rare
may involve single or multiple glands
may occur in isolation or with other developmental abnormalities of ectoderm or 1st brachial arch
severity of symptoms dependent on number of salivary glands involved and type of abnormality
early diagnosis and implementation of strategies to prevent caries is critical

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9
Q

what function does mucins perform in saliva?

A

protection
highly glycosylated glycoproteins that are viscous and largely responsible for lubricating the mucosal surface and providing a protective barrier.
also important for trapping bacteria and sugar and therefore providing for their clearance

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10
Q

what function does bicarbonate perform?

A

buffering

secreted in saliva and serves an important function in buffering acids in the mouth

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11
Q

what do proline-rich proteins and statherin do?

A

tooth integrity
calcium-binding proteins that allow saliva to be super saturated with calcium and contribute to enamel maturation and remineralization

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12
Q

what do lysozyme, peroxidase, defensins and histatins and igA do?

A

antimicrobial

contribute to direct antimicrobial functions of saliva- capable of antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral actions

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13
Q

what do growth factors do? example?

A

tissue repair
saliva participate in tissue repair by secreting growth factors like epidermal growth factor and nerve growth factor (NGF)

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14
Q

how do mucins contribute to digestive process?

A

mucins critical to chweing and swallowing food

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15
Q

how do enzymes like amylase and lipase contribute to digestion?

A

amylase- dissolve starch

lipase break down fats into free fatty acids and glycerol

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16
Q

how is saliva vital for the proper function of taste?

A

tasty molecules must first be dissolved in the water in saliva so that they can be transported to taste buds
also evidence that proline-rich proteins can bind certain food molecules and modify taste properties- ex. bind tannins in tea or red wine- lead to dry puckery feeling in mouth

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17
Q

what are salivary glands classified as?

A

exocrine glands

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18
Q

what are exocrine glands?

A

they discharge their secretion via a duct to an epithelial surface

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19
Q

what are other exocrine glands?

A

sweat or sebaceous glands of skin

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20
Q

how does exocrine glands contrast with endocrine glands?

A

endocrine glands like thyroid glands discharge secretions into blood stream without duct

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21
Q

what is normal daytime flow rates and volume of saliva in mouth in absence of stimulation induced by chewing or taste?

A

.3-.4ml/min
0.8-1.1ml saliva
most of it is in a thin film that coats mucosa and teeth

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22
Q

when does flow rates decrease?

A

during sleep meaning prebed time oral hygiene is critical

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23
Q

what are three major salivary glands and innervation ?

A

parotid gland- 9, submandibular-7, sublingual-7

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24
Q

what are minor glands and innervation?

A

von ebner’s gland- 9

labial, palatal, buccal lingual glands

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25
Q

what gland contribute the most volume of saliva?

A

parotid gland- 60%
submandibular- 25%
and submandibular and minor- 7-8%

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26
Q

what does the parotid gland secrete?

A

pure serous gland- secretes water saliva and main source of enzyme, amylase- which initiates breakdown of starch

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27
Q

what are submandibular and sublingual glands?

A

mixed serous and mucous glands

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28
Q

what are von ebner’s gland?

A

pure serous gland and source of lingual lipase- enzyme that breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids

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29
Q

what are the other minor glands?

A

pure mucous glands- major source of mucins, glycosylated proteins critical for lubrication

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30
Q

what is the largest salivary gland?

A

parotid gland- 14-28g

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31
Q

where is the parotid gland?

A

sits superficial to the caudal end of the masseter muscle

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32
Q

how are parotid gland saliva discharged?

A

thru stenson’s duct opposite 2nd max molar

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33
Q

how much does the submandibular gland weigh?

A

10-15g

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34
Q

where does the submandibular gland sit?

A

anterior end wraps around the caudal end of mylohyoid muscle

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35
Q

where does submandibular gland empty into?

A

duct travels superficially to empty into the oral cavity via wharton’s duct on lingual frenum

36
Q

what is the smallest duct?

A

sublingual duct- 2g

37
Q

where does the sublingual duct empty into?

A

sublingual fold behind wharton’s- bartholin and rivinus’ ducts

38
Q

what are salivary glands made up of?

A

stroma and parenchyma

39
Q

what does stroma do?

A

supporting role- provide structural support to gland, forming capsule and organize gland into lobes

40
Q

what does parenchyma do?

A

chracteristic work of a given gland- make the saliva and take care of discharging it to its final destination

41
Q

what is stroma made up of salivary gland?

A

connective tissue

42
Q

what is parenchyma made up of in salivary gland?

A

epithelium

43
Q

what does the stroma include?

A

capsule that encompasses the salivary gland and separates it from surrounding tissue and septa which divides gland into lobes (major larger division) and lobules (minor smaller division)

44
Q

what is the major cell type in salivary gland?

A

fibroblast- makes collagen- major component of ec matrix

45
Q

what else does stroma contain and who do they do?

A

blood vessels- supply parenchyma-both acinar cells and ducts are supplied
nerve fibers- supply parenchyma- mainly the acinar cells and myoepithelial cell
plasma cells-secrete antibodies- IgG-
fat cells- increase with age

46
Q

what are parenchyma comprised of?

A

secretory endpieces- acini

AND ducts

47
Q

what are acini composed of?

A

individual acinar or secretory cells- these cells make saliva

48
Q

what are the 3 types of endpieces?

A

serous (parotid)
mucous (minor)
mixed (submandibular and sublingual)

49
Q

what does acini open into?

A

ducts- which get progressively larger toward oral surface

50
Q

what is the progress of saliva in ducts?

A

intercalated ducts- striated ducts (secretory ducts)- into excretory ducts

51
Q

when does salivary gland begin development?

A

6 week IU

52
Q

when does parotid gland develop?

A

week 6 IU

53
Q

when does submandibular gland develop?

A

week 6 IU at end

54
Q

when does sublingual and minor glands develop?

A

weeks 8-12 IU

55
Q

what is the origin of the parenchyma?

A

parotid- ectoderm
submandibular- ectoderm or endoderm
minor- endoderm

56
Q

what is the origin of the stroma?

A

neural crest

57
Q

what are the stages of salivary gland development similar to odontogenesis?

A

thickening of ectoderm or endoderm
formation of epithelial bud
important signals are exchanged between epithelial and mesenchymal compartments

58
Q

what are the stages of salivary gland development different from odontogenesis but similar to other branched structures?

A

single bud branches then branches again and again and par of the branching structure ultimately becomes the ducts- hollows out in process called cavitation

59
Q

what happens before branching occurs?

A

each cell is joined to its neighbors by cell adhesion molecules expressed on adjoining cell surfaces

60
Q

what is an important cell adhesion molecule?

A

e-cadherin

61
Q

what happens as cleft begin to form and progresses?

A

cadherin staining break up and disppears at base of cleft as clefting progresses

62
Q

what finally happens?

A

e cadherin gone on surfaces of all cells that face the cleft

63
Q

what is the cell doing to the adhesion molecule?

A

adhesion molecule remains on other surfaces of very same cells- cell not turning off adhesion molecule but redirecting its expression

64
Q

what is one mechanism that control clefting?

A

suppression of ecadherin expression in certain region of the cell

65
Q

what is a critical molecule to clefting?

A

cleftin

cleftin knocked down by sirna- gland much less branched - although some branching does occur

66
Q

what induces expression of cleftin?

A

ex matrix molecule- fibronectin through fibronectin interact with fibronectin receptors on membranes of salivary gland cells

67
Q

what are the 2 actions of cleftin expression? where does it take placE??

A

within the cell
acts to suppress the expression of e-cadherin expression but it upregulates expression of another molecule called snail 2

68
Q

what is snail 2?

A

transcription factor important in many aspects of development and also cancer. unclear what it does to salivary glands but hypothesis- promotes a change in cell shape that coupled with e-cadherin- allows gaps to form

69
Q

salivary physiology

A

acini secrete saliva

ducts secrete and resorb certain components present in salivary secretion

70
Q

what does acinar cells secrete?

A

primary secretion or saliva-

water- host of proteins and ions- including sodium and chloride

71
Q

what is primary saliva?

A

isotonic

72
Q

are acinar cells water permeable?

A

yes

73
Q

are duct cells water permeable

A

no

74
Q

what do duct cells resorb and absorb?

A

resorb sodium and chloride
secrete few proteins and bicarbonate ions
fluid now called secondary secretion or saliva

75
Q

what is secondary saliva?

A

hypotonic

76
Q

how is salivary secretion controlled?

A

neural control

77
Q

is that similar to secretions by other glands?

A

no- thyroid secrete thyroxin- controlled by blood borne hormones

78
Q

how is salivary glands supplied?

A

by both branches of autonomic nervous system- sympathetic and parasympathetic

79
Q

where are the cell bodies of pregang parasympathetic neurons located?

A

brainstem and send axons out to the brain in 7th and 9th cranial nerves which synapses on post gang neurons near each of the glands

80
Q

where does the sympathetic supply originate from?

A

cell bodies of IML (intermediolateral nucleus) of the spinal cord which send axons out the cord to synapse in superior cervical ganglion and axons arising from post gang neurons in superior cerivical ganglion supply glands

81
Q

what is sympathetic nervous system responsible for?

A

protein secretion.
post gang neuron releases norepinephrine which binds to a beta adrenergic receptor on the salivary acinar cells. this is a g-protein coupled receptor which is coupled to the enzyme adenyl cyclase/ activation of adenyl cyclase upregulates cAMP which activates PKA. PKA phorphorylates the secretory granules that contain synthesized proteins, facilitating their release

82
Q

what does activation of the sympathetic nervous system alone produce?

A

protein laden, viscous secretion that is not voluminous

83
Q

what is the parasypathetic nervous system responsble for?

A

fluid secretion and accounts most for the volume of saliva.

84
Q

what happens when parasympathetic ns is activated?

A

post gang neuron releases acetylcholine which binds to a muscarinic type receptor on salivary acinar cell. also a g couple protein receptor- coupled to phospholipase c- which liberates IP3 from membrane phospholipids and liberates calcium from er

85
Q

what happens with increase in calcium?

A

opens a chloride channel and conc gradient drives chloride from the cell- increasing cl- in lumen and creates electrical and osmotic gradient which draws sodium and water via a between cells pathway

86
Q

how is chloride maintained at high conc intracellularly?

A

energy requiring ion pump

Oral Histology Exam 3 (5 decks)

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