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Oral Histology Exam 3 > Oral Mucosa 2 > Flashcards

Oral Mucosa 2 Flashcards

1
Q

where is the body of the tongue derived from?

A

brachial arch 1

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2
Q

where is the root of the tongue derived from?

A

brachial arch 3

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3
Q

what is the characteristic of dorsal tongue?

A

epithelium mostly keratinized except key locations
lamina propria flexible
no submucosa
numerous papillae- rough surface
some papillae- taste buds
some papillae- innervated by somatosensory nerve endings
sensation not confined to tongue

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4
Q

how is taste innervavated?

A

taste buds- cn 7, 9, 10

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5
Q

how is touch innervated?

A

ab and adelta fibers

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6
Q

how is warmth innervated?

A

c fibers

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7
Q

how is cooling innervated?

A

a delta

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8
Q

how is pain innervated?

A

a delta and c fibers

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9
Q

what does the different fibers travel in?

A

cn10- anterior mouth

cn9- post tongue and pharynx

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10
Q

what are meissner’s corpuscles?

A

large axons (AB, larger alpha delta)
terminate in superficial lamina propria between rete pegs
complexes of nerve endings encapsulated by non-neuronal cells- schwann cells
dynamic forces (rapidly adapting)

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11
Q

what are merkel’s receptors?

A

large axons (AB, larger Alpha deltas)
fibers terminate at apices of rete pegs- epithelium
complexes of nerve endings and specialized epithelial (merkel cells)
merkel cells enfold nerve ending
static forces “slowly adapting”

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12
Q

how does meissner and merkel receptor cells differ?

A

both have very low threshold (highly sensitive)
but differ in response to the dynamic aspects of the stimulus
meissner sense initial deformation- if stay deformed- stop responding
merkel’s receptors maintain response even during a period of deformation but but during active touch

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13
Q

can merkel or meisssner mechanoreceptors code painful sensations?

A

no because their dynamic range does not extend to the noxious- because once reached threshold- they saturate out

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14
Q

what codes for painful sensations?

A

separate population of nociceptors with free nerve endings that end in lamina propria or epithelium

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15
Q

what are larger fibers (a beta and large a delta) responsible for?

A

touch

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16
Q

what are smaller fibers (small a delta and c) responsible for

A

thermal and pain

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17
Q

nociceptors

A

noxious mechanical forces- biting tongue, injection
harmful chemicals
painful thermal stimulation

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18
Q

what does all types of nerve fibers innervating oral mucosa have in common?

A

larger nerve bundles located in submucosa or deeper lamina propria- branch and terminate in more superficial lamina propria or epithelium

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19
Q

what is the function of the taste system?

A

detect chemicals in food
distinguish nutrients and non- nutritive substances
distinguish diff nutrients
detect harmful substances- poisons, caustic chemicals

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20
Q

what are the 5 classes of taste receptors to detect 5 classes of stimuli?

A 
sugars (swee)
amino acids (umami)
salts esp sodium (salty) 
acids (sour)
varied (alkaloid, purine base, glycosides)- bitter
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21
Q

taste bud

A 
goblet-shaped cluster of 40-60 cells
oriented at right angle to basal lamina
from basal lamina to surface
microvilli extend up to taste pore
primary afferent fibers at base- some bud cells make synapse with these fibers
22
Q

taste bud distribution

A

total around 8000
most 68% on tongue
but 27% on pharynx and larynx
5% on soft palate

23
Q

fungifrm papillae

A

on dorsal anterior tongue (BA1)
innervated by chorda tympani branch of 7 (BA2)
around 1600 taste buds
most numerous at tip
strategically located to monitor food entering mouth
mushroom shaped
located among more numerous filiform papillae without taste buds

24
Q

where is the keratin layer interruped?

A

at pore

between filiforms- give tongue flexibility

25
Q

where are taste buds located on fungis?

A

dorsal surface

26
Q

filiform papillae

A

spine shaped and heavily keratinized
do not contain buds
innervated only by somatosensory fibers

27
Q

foliate papillae

A

2-9 parallel folds- dorsoventral orientation
around 1300 taste buds- densly packked
innervation- glossopharyngeal (ix, BA3)
lateral aspect of most posterior anterior tongue (posterior to molars, anterior to circumvallate)
strategic location to monitor food during chewing

28
Q

where are foliate taste buds located?

A

in trenches
many buds/ foliate
closely assoviated with salivary glands- von ebner

29
Q

circumvallate papilla

A

8-10
2400 buds- densely packed
central connective tissue core surrounded by trench
arranged in v on most posterior anterior tongue
strategic location- monitor food before swallowing

30
Q

where are cv taste buds located?

A

in trench not dorsal surface
innervated by glossopharyngeal
many buds/cv
also closely associated with von ebner’s gland

31
Q

are taste buds functionally redundant in ability to sense diff tastes?

A

yes

exception- taste buds on larynx- mainly respond to deviations from isotonicity- they signal to protect the airway

32
Q

are there regional differences in taste sensitivity?

A

bitter more intense when in contact with post taste buds

but differences are relative not absolute

33
Q

can a single fungiform paillae detect more than 1 quality?

A

yes

34
Q

why is functional redundancy of taste system important?

A

makes it resilient in the face of partial taste loss

35
Q

effects of damage to single taste nerves

A

perceptual effects of damage or anesthesia of a single taste nerve can be clearly detected with specific spatial testing
but when a person is allowed to use all of the taste buds in their mouth- effects of damage or anesthesia to a single nerve seem minor
reasons: functional redundancy and ability of cns to compensate for partial loss

36
Q

what varies greatly between individuals?

A

number of taste papillae

declines with age slighly- loss of taste mostly olfactory involved

37
Q

individual variation in taste sensitivity to specific substances

A

marked individual differences in ability to taste bitter ptc- inherited trait
specific for ptc and structurally related compounds

38
Q

what are the bitter receptors?

A

tas2r
30 member fam
g-protein coupled

39
Q

what is special about tas2r?

A

tas2r receptor for ptc- substitutions of 2/333 aa largely responsible for sensitivity differences

40
Q

what vegetables taste signigicaltly more bitter in persons who are homozygous for ptc sensitve form of tas 2r?

A 
mustard greens, turnips, broccoli- all have class of compds glycosinolates- same as ptc
other veg- bitter melon, endive, raddicio- no difference in sensitivity for people with varying forms of tas2r receptor- veggies dont contain glucosinolates
41
Q

genetic diff in receptors for sweet stimuli

A

differences in promoter region determine the number of copies of the sweet receptor that are transcribed- explains 16% of the individual variation in how intense sweet substances taste
people with most sweet receptor prefer least conc surgar

42
Q

perigemmal cells

A

lateral aspect
around epitheloim but orientation diff
no synapses, microvilli
function unclear- support or renewal?

43
Q

basal cells

A

base of bud
epithelial basal cells
renewal

44
Q

elongate cells in center of bud cell types

A

dark (type1)

light(type 2 and 3)

45
Q

type 1 dark

A

suggest suppporting role
no synapses
microvilli
function unclear

46
Q

light cells

A

express receptors for taste substances and respond to taste stimili

47
Q

type 3 light

A

sour

synapse with primary affeerent nerve

48
Q

type 2 light

A

bitter, sweet amino acids
synapse with primary afferent nerve no
use atp to communicate with primary afferent taste nerves- atp released from type 2 cells without aid of typical synapse

49
Q

are differential keratin expression observed in taste buds?

A

yes

50
Q

what is k19?

A

occurs in type 1 2 and 3 cells of bud
contrast with surrounding keratinized epithelia
similar to basal layer of non-keratinized epithelia
k19 widely expresssed during development
k19 expression may reflect rapid turnover of taste receptor cells

51
Q

time course of gustatory development

A 
tongue- ew4
lingual papillae- ew8
taste buds 1st appear- ew8
taste pores appear- ew12
taste system develops early and is competent at birth
52
Q

can natural taste preferences be altered by experience?

A

yes

formula experiment

Oral Histology Exam 3 (5 decks)

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