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Physiology > salivary glands - 4 TISSUE BIOLOGY > Flashcards

salivary glands - 4 TISSUE BIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

name the three main types of glands

A
  • parotid
  • submandibular
  • sublingual
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2
Q

Describe the parotid gland and how much saliva it produces

A
  • largest
  • roughly pyramidal
  • major duct is stensen duct
  • produces about 30% of saliva
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3
Q

Describe the submandibular gland and how much saliva it produces

A
  • second largest
  • main duct is Wharton duct
  • produces 60% of saliva
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4
Q

Describe the sublingual gland and how much saliva it produces

A
  • smallest major gland
  • produces about 5% of saliva
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5
Q

Are the main three the only salivary glands?

A

no, there are several minor salivary glands - continuously secrete and are under local control

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6
Q

Major glands secrete in response to what?

A

parasympathetic activity, induced by physical, chemical and psychological stimuli

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7
Q

What is the daily saliva production in humans?

A

rages from 600 - 1500 mL

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8
Q

What is saliva and what molecules does it contain?

A
  • hypotonic watery secretion
  • contains:
  • mucus
  • enzymes (amylase, lipase, lysozyme)
  • antibodies (lgA)
  • inorganic ions
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9
Q

Is saliva composition always the same?

A

varies according to which gland is most active

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10
Q

What are the functions of saliva?

A
  • lubrication
  • buffering
  • maintaining tooth integrity
  • antibacterial function
  • taste and digestion
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11
Q

Lubrication

A
  • MG1 - heavy mol weight, high glycosylation
  • MG2 - low mol weight, low glycosylation
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12
Q

buffering

A
  • natural pH at rest,
  • high pH after ingestion
  • 15 min becomes acidic
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13
Q

Maintaining tooth integrity

A
  • MG1 and MG2 bind to teeth
  • remineralisation
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14
Q

Antibacterial function

A
  • MG1 and MG2 prevent bacteria attaching the tooth enamel
  • lysozyme, lgA
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15
Q

Taste and digestion

A
  • activates taste buds
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16
Q

Explain the innervation of salivary glands

A
  • either direct or indirect, sympathetically and parasympathetically
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17
Q

What does parasympathetic stimulation evoke?

A

lots of saliva

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18
Q

What does sympathetic stimulation evoke?

A

small flow (rich in protein) or no flow at all

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19
Q

What nerve carries parasympathetic intervention to the salivary glands?

A

cranial nerves

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20
Q

From what nerve does the parotid gland receive its parasympathetic input and via what ganglion?

A
  • from glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
  • via otic ganglion
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21
Q

From what nerve does the submandibular and sublingual glands receive their parasympathetic input? and via which ganglion?

A
  • facial nerve (CN VII)
  • via submandibular ganglion
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22
Q

Direct sympathetic innervation of salivary glands takes place via which nerve?

A

preganglionic nerves

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23
Q

How is saliva secretion controlled? (1)

A
  • during - blood glow to secretory acini is increased via parasympathetic stimulation, ultrafiltration from plasma (mostly serous fluid) enters acini
24
Q

How is saliva secretion controlled? (2)

A
  • filtrate from the cells enters the lumen of the acing cells, mixing with secreted mucus and alpha-amylase, creating primary secretion
25
Q

How is saliva secretion controlled? (3)

A
  • secretion modified as it passes through the ducts into the mouth
  • lingual lipase (secreted form von Ebner glands of tongue) added to saliva in the mouth
26
Q

Name the main two types of secretory cells

A
  • serous cells
  • mucous cells
27
Q

What do serous cells look like?

A
  • zymogen granules: enzyme containing and found apically
  • nuclei basally located, rounded with dispersed chromatin
28
Q

What do mucous cells look like?

A
  • mucigen granules within these cells poorly stained
  • uncle characteristically flattens against basement membrane
29
Q

What is seen in mixed secretory units, where mucous cells predominate?

A

semilunar cap of serous cells - serous demilune

30
Q

What does a salivary secretory unit consist of?

A

terminal branched tubule-acinar structure (serous or mucous or mix)

31
Q

What surrounds the secretory units and for which reason?

A

myoepithelial cells - push saliva through

32
Q

What do the terminal secretory units form when merged?

A

small intercalated ducts lined by secretory cells

33
Q

What do the small intercalating ducts drain into?

A

striated ducts

34
Q

What are the striations a result from?

A

the presence of interdigitations of the basal cytoplasmic processes of columnar lining cells

35
Q

What do serous cells secrete?

A

fluid isotonic with plasma

36
Q

What happens in the striated ducts?

A

ions are reabsorbed, secreted to produce hypotonic saliva containing less Na+/Cl- and more K+/HCO3^- than plasma

37
Q

What do mitochondria provide?

A
  • pack basal processes
  • provide energy for ion transport
38
Q

What does the general architecture of the major salivary glands follow?

A

pattern of the parotid gland

39
Q

What is the glad divided into?

A

numerous lobules, each containing many secretory units

40
Q

What radiates between the lobules?

A
  • connective tissue septa
  • form an outer capsule
41
Q

What do septa do?

A

carry blood vessels, nerves, large excretory ducts

42
Q

What does the parotid gland mainly consist of?

A

sears secretary until which are darkly stained in H&E

43
Q

What are zymogen granules?

A
  • strongly stained cytoplasmic granules containing proteins
  • contained in serous cells
44
Q

What do the nuclei of serous cells look like?

A
  • rounded, with dispersed chromatin
  • usually occupy a more central position within the cell
45
Q

What are started ducts?

A
  • lined by tall columnar cells, with large nuclei located towards the apex of the cell
  • basal cytoplasm appears started, due to basal interdigitations of adjacent cells and columns of mitochondria
  • extend the area of membrane available for exchange of water/ ions
  • duct epithelium also secretes lysozyme + immunoglobulin (lg)A
46
Q

Salivary glandular ductal system

A
  • mucous cells surrounded by serous demilune then mayo-epithelial cells on outside
  • ducts: lumen of acinus -> intercalated ducts -> striated ducts -> excretory ducts
47
Q

What are myoepithelial cells?

A
  • surround acini, force the secretions form acing lumen into duct system
  • located between base plasma cell membranes of secretory cells and basement membrane
  • flattened cell with long cell processes which extend around acinus
48
Q

What else is occasionally seen in a secretory system?

A

adipocytes (fatcells) - proportion grows as individual age

49
Q

Where are excretory ducts found?

A

in fibrous septa alongside arteries and veins (is more long, oval than artery)

50
Q

Describe the composition of the parotid gland

A
  • mainly consists of serous cells
  • thin watery secretion rich in enzymes and antibodies
  • large striated ducts to convert saliva to hypotonic solution
51
Q

Describe the secretion from the parotid gland

A
  • secretion produced by parotid glands serous in nature
  • enters oral cavity through stensen’s duct after passing through intercalated ducts which are prominent in gland
  • largest pair - only 25% of saliva produced
52
Q

Describe the submandibular gland

A
  • consists of picture of serous and mucous cells, often found as mic seromucous secretory units
  • serous demilunes seen
53
Q

How heavy is the submandibular gland pair?

A

15 g

54
Q

Describe the secretion of submandibular glands

A
  • seers cells most active, produce salivary amylase, which aids in breakdown of starches in mouth
  • mucous cells secrete mucin: aids in lubrication of food bolus as it travels through the oesophagus
55
Q

Describe the secretion of sublingual glands

A
  • mainly mucous -> viscid secretion
  • unlike other mayor glands, does not have striated ducts,
  • exit form 8-20 excretory ducts
  • provides approx 5% of saliva in oral cavity
56
Q
A

Physiology (18 decks)

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