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ORAL ANATOMY & HISTOLOGY > Salivary gland > Flashcards

Salivary gland Flashcards

1
Q

How much saliva is produced per day?

A

600-1000 mL/day

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2
Q

List the electrolytes found in saliva (9)

A
  1. Na+
  2. K+
  3. Cl-
  4. HCO3-
  5. Ca2+
  6. Mg2+
  7. HPO4 2-
  8. SCN-
  9. F-
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3
Q

List the secretory proteins/peptides found in saliva (10)

A
  1. Amylase
  2. Proline-rich proteins
  3. Mucins
  4. Histatin
  5. Cystatin
  6. Peroxidase
  7. Lysozyme
  8. Lactoferrin
  9. Defensins
  10. Cathelicidin-LL37
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4
Q

List the immunoglobulins found in saliva (3)

A
  1. IgA
  2. IgM
  3. IgG
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5
Q

List the organic components found in saliva

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Amino acids
  3. Urea
  4. Uric acid
  5. Lipid molecules
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6
Q

List other components found in saliva

A
  1. Epidermal growth factor
  2. Insulin
  3. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate-binding proteins
  4. Serum albumin
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7
Q

What are the 7 functions of saliva?

A
  1. Protection
  2. Buffering
  3. Tooth integrity
  4. Antimicrobial activity
  5. Tissue repair
  6. Digestion
  7. Taste
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8
Q

How does saliva provide protection?

A
  • Clearance
  • Lubrication
  • Thermal/chemical insulation
  • Pellicle formation
  • Tannin binding
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9
Q

What is the effect of saliva buffering?

A
  1. pH maintenance

2. Acid neutralisation

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10
Q

How does saliva maintain the integrity of the tooth?

A

Enamel maturation and repair

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11
Q

How does saliva assist in digestion?

A
  1. Bolus formation

2. Starch & triglyceride digestion

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12
Q

How does saliva assist in taste?

A
  1. Solution of molecules

2. Maintenance of taste buds

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13
Q

What is the salivary flow rate at rest?

A

0.2-0.4mL/min

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14
Q

What is the salivary flow rate when stimulated?

A

2-5mL/min

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15
Q

What is the pH of saliva?

A

6.7-7.4

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16
Q

What is the salivary flow rate from the parotid gland at rest?

A

0.04mL/min

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17
Q

What is the salivary flow rate of the parotid gland stimulated?

A

1-2mL/min

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18
Q

What is the pH of saliva from the parotid gland?

A

6.0-7.8

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19
Q

What is the salivary flow rate from submandibular gland at rest?

A

0.1mL/min

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20
Q

What is the salivary flow rate from salivary gland stimulated?

A

0.8mL/min

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21
Q

Name the 3 major salivary glands

A
  1. Parotid gland
  2. Submandibular gland
  3. Sublingual gland
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22
Q

Which major salivary gland is the largest?

A

Parotid salivary gland

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23
Q

Which major salivary gland is the smallest?

A

Sublingual salivary gland

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24
Q

Which major salivary gland is the second largest?

A

Submandibular salivary gland

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25
Q

Name the ducts of the salivary glands:

  1. Parotid
  2. Submandibular
  3. Sublingual
A
  1. Stenson’s duct
  2. Wharton’s duct
  3. Bartholin’s duct
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26
Q

Describe the type of secretion produced by parotid

A

Mostly serous (rich & amlyase & proteins)

27
Q

Which major salivary gland contributes most to the total saliva content?

A

submandibular (produces 60% of saliva content)

28
Q

Which salivary gland starts developing 8-12 weeks of embryonic life>

A

sublingual gland

29
Q

When does the parotid gland develop?

A

4-6 weeks of embryonic life

30
Q

When does the submandibular gland develop?

A

6 weeks of embryonic life

31
Q

How much saliva does the parotid gland produce?

32
Q

How much saliva does the sublingual gland produce?

33
Q

Describe the secretion type produced by sublingual gland

A

Mostly mucous

34
Q

Describe the secretion type produced by submandibular gland

A

Mainly serous, partially mucous

35
Q

How many minor salivary glands are present in the oral cavity?

36
Q

Describe the secretion type produced by minor salivary glands

A

Mainly mucous, partially serous

37
Q

List the some minor salivary glands

A
  1. Labial
  2. Lingual
  3. Palatal
  4. Buccal
  5. Glossopalatine
  6. Retromolar
38
Q

What is the name of the minor salivary gland located on the dorsal surface of tongue?

39
Q

Where is the Blandin Nuhn located?

A

Ventral surface of the tongue

40
Q

How does saliva flow through the salivary ductal system?

A
  1. Parenchyma (epithelial cells)
  2. Intercalated duct
  3. Striated duct
  4. Excretory duct
  5. Main excretory duct
41
Q

Where are the parenchyma salivary secretory cells located?

A

Spherical & tubular secretory end piece

42
Q

Which ducts are considered intralobular?

A

Intercalated & striated

43
Q

Which ducts are considered interlobular

A

Excretory & main excretory ducts

44
Q

What is the role of the striated duct?

A

Saliva modification through reabsorption and secretion of electrolytes

45
Q

Where is the primary saliva produced?

A

Spherical & tubular secretory end piece

46
Q

Where are the myoepithelial cells located?

A

Between basal lamina and epithelial secretory cells.

They are associated with secretory acini and intercalated ducts

47
Q

What is the function of the myoepithelial cells?

A
  • Surrounds the acinus to squeeze out the salivary secretion from the end piece into the duct system
  • Contractile
48
Q

Histologically, which major salivary gland would have the most adipocytes?

A

Parotid salivary gland

49
Q

Describe how you would histologically differentiatie between parotid, submandibular and sublingual salivary gland

A
  1. Parotid salivary gland has more adipocytes
  2. It would be easy to identify the mucous acini in submandibular gland
    • Parotid gland: purple
    • Submandibular gland: purple & some pink
    • Sublingual gland: pink & some purple
50
Q

Describe the two methods of salivary secretion

A
  1. Main regulated pathway:
    - Cells store the protein
    - Upon neural signal, the cells secrete protein by stored granule exocytosis
  2. Second constitutive pathway:
    - Cells do not store the protein
    - Cells secrete it continuously by vesicular mechanism. Vesicles travel directly from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane
    - Some proteins pass into the lumina, some pass in the opposite direction to reach the interstitial fluid
    - Transcytosis: substances, such as IgA, are present in the interstitial tissue pass across the cell from the basolateral to the apical membrane
51
Q

Outline the pathway in secretory protein synthesis, storage and stimulated exocytosis

A
  1. In rough ER, protein synthesis occurs
  2. Protein transported via Golgi apparatus to transface
  3. Initial storage within immature granules
  4. Concentration of secretory proteins in mature storage granules
  5. Exocytosis of stored proteins into lumen of acinus
52
Q

List the vesicular protein secretory pathways likely to operate in the parotid acinar cells

A
  1. Storage granule pathway
  2. Constitutive-like pathway (no storage of protein)
  3. Constitutive pathway to apical membrane
  4. Constitutive pathway to basolateral membrane
  5. Transcytosis from basolateral to the apical
53
Q

Where does salivary modification occur?

A

striated duct

54
Q

Outline how saliva is modified in the striated duct

A
  1. Na+ & Cl- are resabsorbed via
    Na+/H+ & Cl-/HCO3 -exchangers in the luminal membrane
  2. Na+ exists at the basolateral surface via Na+/K+ adenosinetriphosphatase and Cl- exists via channel
  3. K+ channels at the basolateral surface maintain electroneutrality
  4. Na+/H+ compensates for intracellular acidification
55
Q

Where are mucocles usually located?

A

Lower lip

- almost never the upper lip - consider alternative diagnosis of salivary gland neoplasm

56
Q

Outline how the mucocle is formed

A
  1. Damage to minor salivary gland duct and extravascation of saliva
  2. Saliva leaks into surrounding tissues causing inflammation
  3. Saliva pools to form a mucocele with CT wall
57
Q

What is sialolithiasis?

A

Salivary gland stone

58
Q

Where is sialolithiasis most likely to occur?

A

Submandibular gland.

- due to the nature of secretion (more mucous than serous)

59
Q

Define xerostomia

A

Subjective feeling of having dry mouth

60
Q

Define hyposalivation

A

Measured reduction in the production of saliva

61
Q

What is the salivary flow which constitutes as hyposalivation

62
Q

List some organic causes of xerostomia

A
  • Sjogren’s syndrome
  • Irradiation
  • HIV
  • Hep C
  • Iron deposition
63
Q

List some function causes of xerostomia

A
  • Dehydration
  • Fluid loss
  • Haemorrhage
  • Anxiety states
  • Depression
  • Drugs
  • Psychogenic
64
Q

List some drugs that causes xerostomia

A
  • Antihistamines
  • Tricyclic & antidepressants
  • Bronchodilators
  • Antiemetics (against vomitting & nausea)
  • ‘Cold cures’ containing ephedrine
  • Appetite suppressants
  • Decongestants

ORAL ANATOMY & HISTOLOGY (3 decks)

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