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Saliva > Salivary biology > Flashcards

Salivary biology Flashcards

1
Q

describe the pathway of saliva

A

acinus –> intercalated ducts –> striated ducts –> secretory ducts

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2
Q

What is the function of the acinus?

A

forms the primary salivary secretion

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3
Q

what is the function of the striated ducts?

A

modify the primary saliva secretion

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4
Q

what the shape of an acinus? How many types?

A

pyramidal cells around a central lumen. The cells are POLARIZED, peripheral nucleus.

Mucous, serous and serous demilunes (aka a mucous acinus with a serous cell demilune on top of it).

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5
Q

what is the appearance of serous acini

A

DARK CYTOPLASM (BASOPHILIC), DARK BASAL NUCLEUS, GANULAR.

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6
Q

what is the appearance of mucous acini

A

PALE CYTOPLASM (mucins dissolved or do not pick up stain), FLATTENED BASAL NUCLEUS, many large MUCIN GRANULES.

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7
Q

What is a serous demilune

A

Mucous acinus capped by serous cells. LIKELY AN ARTEFACT

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8
Q

Where do we find myoepithelial cells? what is their function?

A

around the acini and the intercalated ducts. They are CONTRACTILE.
Acinus: help squeeze the secretion out
Intercalated ducts: control the lumen of the duct.

HENCE HELP INCREASE SALIVA FLOW.

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9
Q

what is the structure of the intercalated ducts

A

low cuboidal cells with large central nucleus. surrounded by myoepithelial cells.

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10
Q

What is the structure of the striated ducts? What do they do?

A

large cells with BASAL nucleus and VERY FOLDED BASE MEMBRANE. Perform ACTIVE modification of saliva.

LARGE CELLS VS SMALL LUMEN

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11
Q

Where are striated ducts not present?

A

in sublingual gland.

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12
Q

What is the structure of the secretory ducts

A

LARGE LUMEN vs SMALL CELLS

pseudo-stratified, becomes stratified near termination where it merge with stratified squamous oral epithelium.

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13
Q

why do striated ducts appear striated

A

folded basal membrane

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14
Q

what does the sublingual gland not have

A

striated ducts

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15
Q

what are the 3 main constituents of saliva

A

water, electrolytes, organic components

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16
Q

what does the primary saliva secretion contain? what is another way to call this?

A

acinar secretion. Contains water and electrolytes

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17
Q

What happens when an acinar cell is excited

A

K permebaility increases, K flows out into PRIMARY SECRETION and connective tissue.

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18
Q

What causes the activation of the na K Cl co transporter.

A

active transporter, increase in connective tissue K concentration

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19
Q

what is the result of Na K Cl co transporter activation.

A

Brings all 3 ions into cell, causes NA K pumo to work harder and take Na out of the cell into connective tissue.

SOME MORE K AND ENTRANCE OF CL INTO THE SALIVARY SECRETION

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20
Q

what is the result of Cl- flow into the primary secretion?

A

there is a shift in charge, hence SODIUM from connective tissue is drawn between the cells (attracted by the chloride) to balance the charge.

21
Q

what happens as a result of sodium addition to primary secretion?

A

osmotic gradient is present, hence water is dragged down between the cells to redress the osmotic balance

22
Q

what are the 6 steps to acinar secretion (ion behaviors)

A
  1. At rest, inside cell: high K, low Na. Outside cell: high Na, low K.
  2. When activated, cell permeability to K increases, K flows DOWN IT CONCENTRATION GRADIENT outside the cell  K GOES TO LUMEN AND HENCE TO PRIMARY SECRETION.
  3. Increase of K concentration in connective tissue activates NA K CL con transporter. Active transport of ions into cell.
  4. Causes Na K pump to work harder, takes Na out into connective tissue. Hence SOME K AND CL ENTER PRIMARY SECRETION.
  5. Cl causes charge imbalance hence NA DRAGGED INTO PRIMARY SECRETION
  6. Concentrated solution, hence water flows in.
23
Q

what are 2 facts about acinar secretion

A
  • ionic concentrations are similar to plasma
  • concentrations unaffected by flow rate
24
Q

what happens to saliva concentration after being modified by striated duct

A

goes from isotonic (same concentration as tissue fluid) to hypotonic (lower)

25
Q

how do the ionic components of saliva change after striated duct modification? what does this depend on?

A

addition of bicarbonate and K, resorption of Na and Cl

26
Q

what are the final ions (with concentration) in primary secretion

A

High concentration of Na and CL, low concentration of potassium

27
Q

what is the result of exciting a striated cell?

A

INCREASED BASAL ION PUMPING. activation of Na K pumps, pump Na out and K in.

28
Q

What is caused after the increase in K concentration in striated duct?

A

COMPENSATORY MOVEMENTS - removal of Na and CL from secretion into the cell, K into lumen. HENCE SALIVA HAS INCREASED K, DECREASED NA AND CL.

29
Q

What is the function of the bicarbonate cl pump?

A

ACTIVELY pumps bicarbonate into the saliva and removed cl

30
Q

what is the effect of low flow rates on striated duct secretion?

A

more time for Na reabsorption, VERY LOW NA IN SALIVA.

31
Q

what is the effect of high flow rates on striated duct secretion?

A

less time for Na reabsorption, HIGHER NA CONCENTRATION IN SALIVA

32
Q

what is the relationship between flow rate and bicarbonate concentration in saliva

A

AS FLOW RATE/ GLAND ACTIVITY INCREASES, BICARBONATE CONCENTRATION INCREASED.

33
Q

what structure secretes the organic components into saliva

A

primarily acinar cells via exocytosis

34
Q

where do pre ganglionic neurons in parasympathetics come from

A

brain stem and s2-s4

35
Q

where do pre ganglionic neurons in sympathetics come from

A

t1 to L2

36
Q

how many neurons involved in autonomic pathways? where do they synapse?

A

2 neurons involved.

  • preganglionic (from brainstem or spinal cord)
  • synapse in a GANGLION with postganglionic
  • postganglionic originates in ganglion and terminates in effector
37
Q

describe the length and neurotransmitter of sympathetic fibres

A

Short pre ganglionic, long post ganglionic.

  • acetylcholine and then noaradrenaline (or acetylcholine)
38
Q

describe the length and neurotransmitter of parasympathetic fibres

A

long pre ganglionic, short post ganglionic.
acetylcholine

39
Q

what is the effect of sympathetics and parasympathetics on salivary secretion?

A

BOTH CAUSED AN INCREASED SECRETION.

Sympathetic: vasoconstriction, a1 and b2 adrenergic receptors
Parasympathetic: vasodilation

40
Q

how does the facial nerve supply salivary glands

A

Facial takes fibres from facial nucleus and superior salivary nucleus and supplies the submandibular (submandibular and sublingual gland) and pterygopalatine ganglions (palatal gland).

41
Q

how does the glossopharyngeal nerve supply salivary glands

A

Glossopharyngeal takes fibres from superior and inferior salivary nucleus and supplies the otic (parotid) and remak’s (lingual) ganglions.

42
Q

what is the receptor for parasympathic salivary secretion

A

muscarinic

43
Q

what is the receptor for sympathetic salivary secretion

A

a1 and b2 adrenergic receptors

44
Q

are sympathetics or parasympathetics responsible for most of the increase in volume of saliva flow?

A

parasympathetics

45
Q

what is a drug that will give patients a dry mouth?

A

atropine (antagonist of ach)

46
Q

what type of salivary secretion does sympathetic activation result in? why?

A

thick due to exocytosis of organic components

47
Q

what is freys syndrome (what causes it, and what does it cause)

A
  • often after parotid surgery
  • damage to auriculotermporal nerve
  • regeneration of nerves mized up
    GUSTATORY SWEATING
48
Q

what are the initiating signals fro salivation?

A

REFLEX SALIVATION
gustatory afferents (sour, salt, sweet, bitter), mechanoreceptive afferenets (PDL, mucosa, joint, muscle).

49
Q

what is gustation

A

process of detecting chemicals that leads to the sensation of taste

Saliva (5 decks)

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