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Biochem exam 3 > Saliva and Mucosal defense mechanism > Flashcards

Saliva and Mucosal defense mechanism Flashcards

1
Q

What are some of the cell types that recognize pathogens?

A

epithelial, dendritic, endothelial, periodontal ligament fibroblasts, cementoblasts, osteoblasts, macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes, B and T lymphocytes

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2
Q

What are the five examples of pattern-recognition receptors?

A

TLR2
TLR4
TLR9
Nod1
Nod2

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3
Q

Is oral mucosa keratinized or non-keratinized?

A

Both!
non-keratinized - buccal, sublingual
keratinized - gingiva, palate

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4
Q

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) lead to…

A

Pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs)

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5
Q

What are some examples of physical barriers in the oral mucosa?

A
  • tight junctions, gap junctions, anchoring junctions
  • high turnover rate
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6
Q

What are three types of oral epithelium?

A

orthokeratinized, parakeratinized, and nonkeratinized

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7
Q

What are the two main types of mucosal defense mechanisms?

A

physical barrier
microbiological-immune barrier

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8
Q

What are some examples of microbiological-immune barriers in the oral mucosa?

A
  • diverse microbiota (>700 species)
  • crosstalk between commensal microbes and host immune response
  • anitmicrobial peptides
  • communication between epithelium and innate/adaptive immune cells
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9
Q

What are the three major salivary glands?

A

parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands

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10
Q

What activates the immuno-inflammatory response in the oral cavity?

A

dental biofilm

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11
Q

What is saliva made of?

A

99% water and 1% solids (proteins/electolytes)

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12
Q

What is the average daily secretion of saliva?

A

0.5-1.0 L

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13
Q

What is the NORMAL unstimulated whole saliva flow rate and what is the NORMAL chewing/stimulated whole saliva flow rate?

A

unstimulated = 0.3-0.4 mL/min
stimulated = 1.5-2.0 mL/min

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14
Q

What is the HYPOSALIVATION unstimulated whole saliva flow rate and what is the HYPOSALIVATION chewing/stimulated whole saliva flow rate?

A

unstimulated = <0.1 mL/min
stimulated = 0.5-0.7 mL/min

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15
Q

What is whole saliva?

A

complex, hypotonic, slightly acidic fluid

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16
Q

What type of salivary glands produces only serous?

A

parotid

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17
Q

What type of salivary glands produces mainly mucous but some serous?

A

sublingual
and minor glands

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18
Q

What type of salivary glands produces mainly serous and some mucous?

A

submandibular

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19
Q

Where is 90% of the total amount of saliva produced?

A

the three major salivary glands

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20
Q

What type of saliva does the von Ebner’s gland secrete?

A

serous only

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21
Q

What are the main functions of saliva?

A

❖ Lubrication and prevention of retrograde salivary gland infection
❖ Formation of acquired enamel and mucosal pellicles
❖ Clearance of dietary carbohydrates and microorganisms
❖ Taste and digestion
❖ Antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activities
❖ Buffering capacity (through bicarbonate, phosphate and protein systems)
❖ Nutritional source (to bacteria)

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22
Q

What are the two major salivary antibodies?

A

IgA (90-98%)
IgG (1-10%)

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23
Q

What are the important defense mechanisms of IgA?

A
  • immune exclusion (binding antigens in saliva, mucosal surface, enamel pellicle)
  • inhibition of microbial adhesion
  • enhanced elimination by aggulination
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24
Q

Where does the monomeric IgA (small amount; only 15% of total IgA) in the oral cavity come from?

25
Q

What is the basic antibody unti composed of?

A

two heavy chains
two light chains

26
Q

What type of antibody is anti-parasitic and active in allergic responses?

A

IgE

(E like eosinophil; good way to remember)

27
Q

What type of antibody is excellent at binding complement proteins, a pentamer, and the first made in a primary response?

28
Q

What type of antibody is the most abundant in serum, has 4 subclasses, and offers long-term protection?

29
Q

What type of antibody is a dimer or monomer and is the FIRST defense for mucosal surfaces?

A

IgA

(first defense in the mouth!)

30
Q

What type of protein is large, highly glycosylated, and mainly from the mucous acinar cells (submandibular, sublingual, minor salivary glands)

31
Q

Why are mucins good for lubrication and protection?

A

hydrophilic and contain much water

32
Q

What are the four types of mucins in the oral cavity?

A
  • MUC5B - reducing attachment and biofilm formation of S. mutans, reducing fungi formation (C. albicans), and reducing HIV-1 infection of T cells
  • MUC7 - efficient in bacterial agglutination and clearance, and protecting other salivary proteins
  • MUC1 - formation of the mucosal pellicle
  • MUC4 - agglutination & cleansing of oral pathogens
33
Q

Which mucins helps stop infections from bacteria, fungi, and viruses (such as HIV)?

34
Q

Which mucins protects other salivary proteins?

35
Q

What are the functions of amylase?

A
  • facilitate bacterial fermentation of carbs
  • facilitate adherence of bacteria to oral surfaces
  • bind S. gordonii and S. mitis and promote their clearance
  • modulate the adhesion, co-adhesion, and colonization of microbes
36
Q

What protein is mainly secreted by serous acinar cells (parotid) and breaks down ingested starch into maltose, maltotriose, and dextrins?

A

alpha-amylase

37
Q

Where can alpha-amylase be found?

A

saliva, pellicles, and dental plaque

38
Q

What reaction does peroxidase systems catalyze?

A

thiocyanate to hypothiocyanite (via hydrogen peroxide)

39
Q

What ions are involved in the peroxidase systems?

A

lactoperoxidase, myeloperoxidase (from leukocytes), thiocyanate (SCN−) ions, and hydrogen peroxide (from microbes).

40
Q

What does hypothiocyanite inhibit?

A
  • inhibits important bacterial metabolic processes
  • exerts anti-microbial effects on S. mutans, lactobacilli, yeasts, several gram-negative species, and certain viruses
41
Q

What are the anit-microbial properties of salivary lysozyme?

A
  • hydrolysis of the β-1,4-glycosidic bonds between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine in gram-positive bacterial cell wall.
  • aggregation of oral bacteria
  • activation of bacterial autolysins, destroying the bacterial cell wall
  • antifungal and antiviral activities
42
Q

Where is lysozyme found?

A

saliva, pellicle, and dental plaque (just like alpha-amalyase)

43
Q

What protein is secreted by serous acinar cells (major and minor salivary glands) as well as by neutrophils and GCF, and binds and sequesters iron to deprive bacteria and yeast?

A

lactoferrin

44
Q

What are the three forms of lactoferrin?

A

iron-free
ferric lactoferrin
saturated lactoferrin

45
Q

Where are proline-rich proteins produced and what percent of salivary proteins are they?

A

-produced by parotid and submandibular
- 25-30% of all salivary proteins

46
Q

What are the three types of proline-rich proteins?

A
  • acidic PRPs - inhibits spontanous precipitation of calcium phosphate salts
  • basic PRPs - anti-HIV-1 activity; promotes C. albicans adhesion
  • Glycolsylated PRPs - binds and agglutinates oral bacteria (promotes clearance); promotes C. albicans adhesion
47
Q

What salivary glands are statherin found in?

A

parotid and submandibular (just like PRPs)

48
Q

What are the functions of statherin (found in parotid and submand)?

A
  • binds hydroxyapatite and contribute to pellicle formation
  • inhibits spontaneous precipitation of calcium phosphate
  • induces transition of C. albicans hyphae to yeast
  • forms protein complexes with mucins
  • promotes adhesion of A. viscous and possesses specific binding sites of P. gingivalis.
49
Q

What are the 7 different proteoforms of cystatins in the saliva?

A

Cystatin-A, -B, -C, -D, -S, -SA & -SN

50
Q

What protein are cysteine-containing phosphoroproteins that have proteinase inhibiting properties?

51
Q

What are the functions of cystatins?

A
  • formation of the salivary pellicle
  • affecting calcium phosphate precipitation
  • cystatin SA inhibits A. actinomycetemcomitans while cystatin S inhibits proteolytic enzymes from
    P. gingivalis.
  • Antifugal and antiviral activities
52
Q

What proteins are a family of cationic peptides that bind to microbial cell membranes to promote aggregation to form pores, and possesse specific binding sites for zinc and copper?

53
Q

What salivary glands produce histatins?

A

all major salivary glands

54
Q

What do all three human hisatins (1, 3, 5) exhibit?

A

antifungal activity toward C. abicans

55
Q

What are the “prototype” of cationic peptides that are found in the GCF and have two main subfamilies (alpha and beta)?

A

salivary defensins

56
Q

What are the functions of salivary defensins?

A

❖ adsorb onto the bacterial cell membranes, leading to aggregation and integration (formation of ion channels and transmembrane pores)
❖ antifungal and antiviral activities
❖ exert various immune activator activities, including induction of certain cytokines and chemoattractivity for immature dendritic and memory T-cells.

57
Q

What are the functions of GCF (gingival crevicular fluid)?

A
  • cleanse materials
  • imporve adhesion of the peithelum to the tooth (through plasma proteins)
  • possesses antimicrobial properties
58
Q

What are the two ways GCF can be represented?

A

transudate (healthy)
exudate (inflamed)

59
Q

What is the main route of the GCF diffusion?

A
  • through the basement membrane
  • through the intercellular space of the junctional epithelium
  • into the sulcus

Biochem exam 3 (10 decks)

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