Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochem exam 3 > Innate and Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Innate and Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the immune system?

A

tissues, cells, and molecules involved in adaptive immunity
-sometimes the totality of host defense mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where do all cellular elements of the blood and immune system arise from?

A

pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who was the mans that decided to put nasty cow pox on a little boys arm?

A

Edward Jenner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the most common things that cause disease in humans?

A

virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and worms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the innate immune response?

A

host response to infection which is quick and non-specific
-this is present at birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

antigen-specific lymphocytes to antigens
-generated by clonal selection of lymphocytes/ antibody production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When is innate immunity active?

A

0-4 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When is early induced innate response active?

A

4-96 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When is adaptive immune response active?

A

after 96 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the major cells of innate immunity?

A

macrophages, granulocytes (neutrophils), mast cells, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the major cells of adaptive immunity?

A

B and T cells
NK cells
plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do infections trigger immune response?

A

-bacteria trigger macrophages to release cytokines and chemokines
-vasodilation and increases vascular permeability cause redness, heat, and swelling
-inflammatory cells migrate into tissue, releasing inflammatory mediators that cause pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do dendritic cells initiate adaptive immunity?

A

-immature dendritic cells reside in peripheral tissues
-dendritic cells migrate via lymphatic vessels to regional lymph nodes
-mature dendritic cells activate naive T cells in lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the first barrier against most microorganisms and have rapid repair mechanisms if injured?

A

epithelial (mucosal) surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Are infectious disease common?

A

no, the body is typically able to resist the infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does the mucosal epithelial cells protect against infection?

A

-goblet cells secrete mucous (protective covering)
-swallowing in mouth and peristalsis in GI tract moves potential pathogens through GI system
-ciliated epithelial cells in upper respiratory tract
-Paneth cells that produce anti-microbial peptides
-various T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the best studied mucosal immune system?

A

components of the gut-associated lymphatic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Is mucosal immunity proactive or reactive?

A

proactive
-uses pre-existing generalized mechanism to clear infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Is the adaptive immune system proactive or reactive?

A

reactive
-responds to specific pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a type I mucosal surface?

A

covered by simple epithelium
-express polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (transcytose IgA through epithelial cell)
-allow IgA to interact with the pathogen
-intestine, lungs, and uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a type II mucosal surface?

A

covered by stratified squamous epithelium that provides a physical barrier
-oral cavity and vaginal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Is there only mode of transmission for infectious pathogens?

A

no!
there are many ways
-inhaled droplets, spores, contaminated water or food, and physical contact (and others)

23
Q

Infection and stages of immune response:

A

-adherence to epithelium
-local infection, penetration, of epithelium
-local infection or tissues
-adaptive immunity

24
Q

What are some bactericidal agents produced or released by phagocytes?

A

-acidification
-toxic oxygen-derived products
-toxic nitrogen
-antimicrobial peptide
-enzymes
-competitors

25
Q

Three types of mucosal epithelial cells in host defense:

A

villus types
ciliated epithelium
exocrine glands

26
Q

What is mucosal microbiota?

A

-density varies
-generally nonpathogenic and present only in the outer mucous layer
-utilize mucin glycoproteins for energy

27
Q

What is the mucus layer? (in gut mucosal barrier)

A

-viscous properties due to mucin glycoproteins
-contains an array of antimicrobial peptides and antibodies

28
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

produce secreted gel-forming mucin, glycoproteins, trefoil peptides, and RELM-beta

29
Q

What do leukocytes and stroma do?

A

-regulate secretory cell differentiation
-modulate epithelial secretory function
-produce secretory IgA

30
Q

What are Paneth cells?

A

produce antimicrobial peptides, lectins, and cytokines

31
Q

What is the inner mucus layer?

A

-relatively sterile
-rich in antimicrobial molecules

32
Q

What is the outer mucus layer?

A

-non-sterile
-degrading mucos
-microbes utilize mucin carbohydrates for energy

33
Q

What do plasma cells do?

A

antibodies

34
Q

What is called when the antibodies divide a lot?

A

clonal expansion

35
Q

Do progenitors give rise to only one specific lymphocyte?

A

no, the ones they make many that have different specificities

36
Q

What are the two components of an antibody molecule?

A

variable region (antigen binding site) and constant region (effector region)

37
Q

What creates the diversity of lymphocyte antigen receptors?

A

somatic gene segment rearrangements

38
Q

What are the light chains of antobodies?

A

v (variable) and J (joining segment)
-kappa light chain on chromosome 2
-lambda light chain on chromosome 22

39
Q

What are the heavy chain genes and their location?

A

alpha, delta, epsilon, gamma, and mu
-on chromosome 14

40
Q

How many different light chains are there?

A

290

41
Q

How many different kappa chain variables are there?

A

140

42
Q

How many different gamma chain variables are there?

A

150

43
Q

How many different heavy chains can be created?

A

13,800

44
Q

How many total different binding specificities are there?

A

4,002,000

45
Q

What is the spot that antigens bind to antibody receptors?

A

epitopes

46
Q

Process of T cell receptor binding of antigen

A

-epitope recognized by t cell receptor often burned
-the antigen must be broken down into peptide fragments
-epitope peptide binds to a self molecule, MHC molecule
-t cell receptor binds to a complex of MHC molecuile and epitope peptide

47
Q

What are the three ways antibodies participate in host defense?

A
  1. bacterial toxin -> neutralization -> ingestion by macrophage
  2. bacteria in extracellular space -> oponization -> ingestion by macrophage
  3. bacteria in plasma -> complement activation -> lysis and ingestion
48
Q

What are major histocompatibility complex molecules/receptors?

A

large loci of DNA that encode genes for cell surface receptors that are essential for adaptive immune response

49
Q

What are MHC I molecules?

A

molecules that collect peptides derived from proteins synthesized in the cytosol from viral infections and display those peptides on the cell surface
-single transmembrane spanning domain

50
Q

What are MHC II molecules?

A

molecules that bind peptides derived from proteins in intracellular vesicles and display those on the cell surface
-two transmembrane spanning domains

51
Q

Steps of viral infection using MHC class I receptors:

A

-virus infects cell
-viral proteins synthesized in cytosol
-peptide fragments of viral proteins bound by MHC class I in ER
-bound peptides transported by MHC class I to the cell surface

52
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells recognize?

A

complex of viral peptide with MHC class I and kills infected cells

53
Q

How do MHC class II receptors work?

A

-bacteria infects macrophages and enter vesicle, producing peptide fragments
-bacteria fragments bound by MHC class II in vesicles
-bound peptides transported by MHC class II to the cell surface
-antigen bound by B-cell surface receptor
-antigen internalized and degraded to peptide fragments
-fragments bind to MHC class II and are transported to the cell surface

54
Q

Are immune responses always helpful?

A

no, they can be harmful

Biochem exam 3 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions