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Biochem exam 3 > How Genes Direct the Production of Proteins > Flashcards

How Genes Direct the Production of Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

What is it called when DNA is turned into RNA?

A

transcription

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2
Q

What is it called when RNA is turned into proteins?

A

translation

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3
Q

Is DNA or RNA more stable?

A

DNA
-if you look at RNA funny it will fall apart
-only make RNA when you need proteins in the cell

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4
Q

Which DNA strand is transcribed into RNA?

A

the 3’-5’ strand

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5
Q

In which direction is RNA made?

A

5’-3’

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6
Q

What is a gene?

A

segment of DNA that is transcribed into RNA and its associated transcriptional control regioins

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7
Q

What is mRNA?

A

messenger RNA
-translated into proteins

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8
Q

What is tRNA?

A

transfer RNA
-transfer AA to the growing peptide chain

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9
Q

What is rRNA?

A

ribosomal RNA
-encode ribosomal proteins

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10
Q

What is microRNA?

A

microRNAs
-block translation of specific mRNAs and thereby regulate gene expression

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11
Q

What is siRNA?

A

small interfering RNA
-turn off gene expression by directing the selective degradation of mRNA

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12
Q

What is snoRNA?

A

small nucleolar RNA
-process and chemically modify rRNA

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13
Q

What is scaRNA?

A

small cajal RNAs
-modify snoRNAs and snRNAs

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14
Q

What is the most abundant type of RNA?

A

rRNA (80%)

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15
Q

What percentage of RNA is tRNA?

A

15%

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16
Q

What percentage of RNA is mRNA?

A

3-5%

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17
Q

What is responsible for the transcription of most protein coding genes?

A

RNA polymerase II

18
Q

Where do transcription factors bind to initiate transcription?

A

TATA box

19
Q

do transcription factors regulate gene expression?

A

yes

20
Q

Is RNA a linear molecule?

A

no, it associates with itself and makes secondary structures
-rory RNA cowboy

21
Q

What does the TBP do?

A

recognize TATA box
*subunit of TFIID

22
Q

What does TAF do?

A

recognize other DNA sequences near the transcription start point
*subunit of TFIID

23
Q

What does TFIIB do?

A

recognize BRE element in promoters
-accurately positions RNA polymerase at start site

24
Q

What does TFIIF do?

A

stabilizes RNA polymerase interactions with TBP and TFIIB
-helps attract TFIIE and TFIIH

25
Q

What does TFIIE do?

A

attracts and regulates TFIIH

26
Q

What does TFIIH do?

A

unwinds DNA at transcription start point

27
Q

What does RNA polymerase I transcribe?

A

rRNA genes

28
Q

What does RNA polymerase II transcribe?

A

all protein coding genes

29
Q

What does RNA polymerase III transcribe?

A

tRNA

30
Q

What is mRNA splicing ?

A

-preformed by splicesome which is largely made of snRNA complex with 7 protein subunits to form an SNP
-snRNAs involved in splicing
-snRNAs provide proper base pairing with mRNA*
-RNA-RNA arrangements are dynamic and shift through the splicing process*

31
Q

What does splicing do?

A

remove introns

32
Q

mutation in intron could lead to…

A

intron not being able to be spliced

33
Q

What is alternative splicing?

A

splicing mRNAs in various ways to produce different combinations of exons depending upon the tissue and/or types of cells singlas

34
Q

Characteristics of mature mRNA:

A

-spliced
-5’ cap (prevents it from unwinding)
-poly A tail
-exported from nucleus

35
Q

How do miRNAs regulate translation?

A

-bind to 3’ UTR of target mRNA to form an RNA-inducing silencing complex
-suppress protein synthesis and/or induce mRNA degradation
-each miRNA can target multiple different mRNAs

36
Q

What is a codon?

A

three base pair sequence that codes for an amino acid

37
Q

important features of genetic code:

A

-read frame the beginning to end (reading frame is crucial)
-degenerate (more than one codon can bring in the same AA)
-third base in triplet codon is less specific than the first two
-3 of the 64 possible codons do not code for AA, but signal termination

38
Q

what are the stop codons?

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

39
Q

what is the start codon?

A

AUG

40
Q

What is Roberts syndrome?

A

prenatal growth retardation, craniofacial abnormalities (microcephaly and cleft lip/palate) and limb formation
-homozygous mutation of ESCO2
-decrease rRNA transcription and lead to nucleolar morphology defects
-decreases protein synthesis

41
Q

How can we affect gene expression without changing genetic code?

A

epigenetics

Biochem exam 3 (10 decks)

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