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GI > Saliva > Flashcards

Saliva Flashcards

1
Q

3 functions of saliva

A
  • Lubricant for mastication
  • Maintaining oral pH: needs to be maintained at about pH 7.4 (slightly alkaline) this is achieved by the bicarbonate/carbonate buffer system for the rapid neutralisation of acid
  • Release digestive enzyme - salivary alphaamylase is released from the parotid gland for starch digestion
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2
Q

how much saliva do adults secrete everyday

A

Daily secretion = 800 -1500ml in adults

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3
Q

what does pH of saliva range between

A

pH ranges from 6.2 to 7.4

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4
Q

what is Serous secretion

A

alpha amylase for starch digestion

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5
Q

what is Mucous secretion

A

mucins for lubrication of mucosal surfaces

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6
Q

is the parotid gland serous or mucous

A

serousb

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7
Q

Submandibular gland serous or mucous

A

mucous & serous (M for mandibular AND for mixed secretions)

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8
Q

Sublingual glands serous or mucous

A

mucous & serous - but mainly mucous

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9
Q

Are minor glands serous or mucous

A

Minor glands are predominantly mucous but SOME are serous

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10
Q

Factors affecting the composition & amount of saliva produced (9)

A
  • Flow rate
  • Circadian rhythm (sleep cycle)
  • Type & size of gland
  • Duration and type of stimulus that causes saliva to be produced
  • Diet
  • Drugs
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Time of day
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11
Q

Defences of the oral cavity are provided by (3)

A
  • The mucosa - physical barrier
  • Salivary glands - saliva washes away food particles which bacteria or viruses may use as metabolic support
  • Palatine tonsils - act as the “surveillance system” for the immune system
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12
Q

What are the salivary glands surrounded by

A

Salivary glands are surrounded by lymphatic system (linked to thoracic duct and blood) - which contains a broad range of functional immune cells

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13
Q

What glands are always active

A

Submandibular, sublingual & minor glands are CONTINUOUSLY active

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14
Q

Unstimulated components of the salivary system are dominated by

A

submandibular components

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15
Q

dp parotid glands become the main source of saliva ?

A

Parotid glandONLY becomes main source of saliva when STIMULATED

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16
Q

Three major pairs of salivary glands, contribute to 80% of salivary flow:

A
  • Parotid
  • Submandibular
  • Sublingual
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17
Q

-Minor salivary glands contribute to 20% of salivary flow - they are found in the

A

submucosa or the oral mucosa of the lips, cheeks, hard & soft plate and thetongue

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18
Q

The parotid gland has a Superficial triangular outline between:

A
  • Zygomatic arch
  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Ramus of mandible
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19
Q

Parotid duct Also called Stenson’s duct - enters the oral cavity how

A

crosses masseter muscle and pierces through the buccinator muscle where it enters the oral cavity near the second upper molar

20
Q

Where can the parotid duct be palpated

A

Can be palpated a fingers breadth below the zygomatic arch

21
Q

Sympathetic sensory innervation of the parotid gland

A

Sympathetic sensory innervation (inhibits/minimises secretion) is provided by the auriculo-temporal nerve which is a branch of the mandibular nerve (V3 - this division of the trigeminal nerve exits the skull through the foramen ovale)

22
Q

parasympathetic innervation of the parotid gland

A

Parasympathetic innervation is supplied by glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) - stimulates secretion

23
Q

Structures passing through the parotid:

A
  • External carotid artery
  • Retromandibular vein
  • Facial nerve (VII - exits skull through the stylomastoid foramen) - supplies the muscles of facial expression
24
Q

What are the parotid glands made of

A

The parotid glands are entirely made up of serous acini with ducts interspersed

25
Q

How is the submandibular gland arranged

A

Two lobes separated by mylohyoid muscle - larger superficial lobeand a smaller deeplobe in the floor of the mouth

26
Q

How does the submandibular duct enter the oral cavity

A

The submandibular duct (Whartons duct) begins in the superficial lobe, wraps around the free posterior border of the mylohyoid, then runs along the floor of the mouth and empties into the oral cavity at the sublingual papillae - located more posteriorly than the sublingual gland`

27
Q

What is whartons duct

A

submandibular duct

28
Q

stensons duct

A

the parotid duct

29
Q

Sympathetic innervation of submandibular gland

A

is supplied via the lingual nerve which is derived from the facial nerve (VII)

30
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of submandibular gland

A

is supplied by the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve (VII)

31
Q

how are the sublingual glands located in comparison to the submandibular glands

A

located more anteriorly than the submandibular glands

32
Q

where is the sublingual gland located

A

Located in the floor of the mouth between mylohyoid muscles and oral mucosa of floor of mouth

33
Q

How is the saliva transmitted to the oral cavity from the sublingual gland

A

Saliva is transmitted via the submandibular/ whartons duct as well or small ducts that pierce oral mucosa floor of mouth

34
Q

Which one is smaller sublingual or submandibular

A

sublingual is Much smaller than submandibular - but size is variable

35
Q

sympathetic innervation of sublingual gland

A

Sympathetic innervation is supplied via the lingual nerve which is derived from the facial nerve (VII)

36
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of sublingual gland

A

Parasympathetic innervation is supplied by the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve (VII)

37
Q

Where are the minor salivary glands concentrated

A

Concentrated in the; buccal labial, palatal & lingual regions

Also found at; superior pole of tonsils (Weber’s glands), tonsillar pillars & at the base of the tongue (von Ebner’s glands - underlying circumvallate papillae)

38
Q

Are minor salivary glands mucous or serous

A

Allminor salivary glands are mucous EXCEPT for the serous glands of von Ebner

39
Q

How do the minor salivary glands secrete saliva

A

They lack a branching network of draining ducts so each salivary unit has its own simple duct

40
Q

sympathetic innervation of minor salivary glands

A

inhibits salivary secretion (but some baseline secretion)

41
Q

parasympathetic innervation of minor salivary glands

A

stimulates salivary secretion

42
Q

what is Xerostomia and why does it happen

A

dry mouth

  • May be a consequence of cystic fibrosis or Sjorgren’s syndrome (autoimmune condition where immune cells attack glands resulting in little or no saliva produced - affects mainly women)
  • Most common causes - medication and irradiation for head and neck cancers
43
Q

what is obstruction of the salivary glands and where does it most commonly occur

A
  • Saliva contains calcium & phosphate ions that can from salivary calculi (stones)
  • Most common in submandibular gland (80% incidence) - they block the duct at the bend around the round mylohyoid or at exit at the sublingual papillae
44
Q

causes of gland inflammation

A
  • Caused by infection secondaryto obstruction

- Infections caused by; mumps (viral infection) - results in fever, malaise, swelling of the glands

45
Q

Why can degeneration of the salivary glands happen

A

Complication of radiotherapy to head and neck for cancer treatment

46
Q

what is Sjorgren’s syndrome

who does it affect

A

autoimmune condition where immune cells attack glands resulting in little or no saliva produced

mainly in post-menopausal females, also affects lacrimal glands (tears)

47
Q

what are the Effects of salivary gland dysfunction

A

-If salivary output falls to less than 50% of normal flow = Xerostomia (dry mouth):
•Low lubrication - oral function becomes difficult
•Low natural oral hygiene - poor pH control = accumulation of plaque = dental caries or increases incidence of opportunistic infections especially fungale.g candida - thrush

GI (7 decks)

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