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GI > EMBRYOLOGY > Flashcards

EMBRYOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Where does foregut start and end

A

starts from the mouth to the common bile duct

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2
Q

Where does midgut start and end

A

starts from the common bile duct to 2/3rds of the transverse colon

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3
Q

where does handgun start and end

A

starts from 2/3rds of the transverse colonto the anal canal

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4
Q

what is embryonic folding

A

During the 4th week of development the embryo begins to fold and change shape from a flat trilaminar disc into a cylinder - this process is known as embryonic folding

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5
Q

how does embryonic folding occur

A

Folding occurs in two planes, the horizontal & medial planes

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6
Q

Why does embryonic folding occur in two planes

A

Folding occurs in two planes due to the differing rates of growth of the embryonicstructures

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7
Q

Folding in the horizontal planeresults in the formation of

A

of the two lateral body folds

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8
Q

Folding in the medial plane results in the

A

the formation of the cranial & caudal folds

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9
Q

What is mainly responsible for the formation of the GI tract

A

the endoderm

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10
Q

As embryonic folding continues, the endoderm moves towards the midline and fuses

A

incorporating the dorsal part of the yolk sac to form the primitive gut tube

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11
Q

The primitive gut is derived from the

A

endodermand the visceral mesoderm:

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12
Q

Endoderm gives rise to

A

Epithelial lining of digestive tract

Hepatocytes of the liver

Endocrine and exocrine cells of the pancreas

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13
Q

Visceral mesoderm gives rise to

A
  1. Muscle, connective tissue & peritoneal components of the wall of the gut
  2. Connective tissue for the glands
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14
Q

The primitive gut tube, differentiates into three distinct parts

A

the foregut, midgut & hindgut

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15
Q

As embryonic folding continues, the connection to the yolk sac narrows into a stalk called the

A

vitelline duct

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16
Q

How many pharyngeal arches are there

A

There are five arches; 1,2,3,4 & 6 (there is no 5th in humans - sort of combines into the 4th)

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17
Q

What are the pharyngeal arches are part of

A

foregut

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18
Q

when do the pharyngeal arches develop

A

In the 4th & 5th week of fetal life

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19
Q

Where do the pharyngeal arches extend from to

A

Extends from the oropharyngeal membrane to the respiratory diverticulum

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20
Q

what are the pharyngeal arches made of

A

Formed of masses of mesenchymal tissue (connective tissue derived from mesoderm) which are invaded by cranial neural crest cells

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21
Q

Each pharyngeal arch is covered externally by

A

endoderm (forming the pharyngeal clefts)

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22
Q

ach pharyngeal arch is covered internally by

A

ectoderm (forming the pharyngeal pouches)

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23
Q

Each arch has its own

A

nerve supply, arterial supply & venous supply

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24
Q

innervation of first arch

A

Mandibular nerve (V3 - i.e third branch of trigeminal (V)

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25
Q

1st arch gives rise to which muscles

A

mastication, tensor tympani, digastric, myolohyoid

26
Q

1st arch gives rise to which bones

A

maxilla, mandible, incus, malleus

27
Q

2nd arch innervation

A

facial nerve (VII)

28
Q

2nd arch muscles

A

facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid

29
Q

2nd arch bones

A

stapes, styloid and lesser horn of hyoid cartilage

30
Q

3rd arch innervation

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

31
Q

3rch arch muscles

A

stylopharyngeus of the pharynx

32
Q

3RD arch bones

A

body & greater horn of hyoid cartilage

33
Q

4th arch innervation

A

Superior laryngeal nerve of Vagus nerve (X)``

34
Q

4th arch muscles

A

Cricothyroid

35
Q

4th arch bone

A

thyroid cartilage & epiglottic cartilage

36
Q

6th arche innervation

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve of Vagus nerve (X)

37
Q

6th arch muscles

A

All muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid

38
Q

6th arch bone

A

cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilages, corniculate & cuneiform cartilage

39
Q

what is a mesentery

A

double layers or peritoneum that surround an organ and connect it to the body wall, such an organ is called intraperitonea

40
Q

what is a retroperitoneal organ

A

When an organ is sitting directly on the posterior abdominal wall and covered by peritoneum on its anterior surface only

41
Q

what are ligaments

A

are double layers of peritoneum which pass from one organ to anotheror from one organ to the body wall

42
Q

what do Mesenteries & ligaments provide

A

pathways for blood vessels, lymphatics & nerves to go to and come from the abdominal viscera

43
Q

By the 5th week the lower part of the foregut, midgut & major part of the hindgutare suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by

A

DORSAL MESENTERY - which extends from the lower part of the oesophagus to the cloacal region

44
Q

where is the ventral mesentery present

A

Present only in the region of the foregut - terminal part of the oesophagus, the stomach and the upper part of the duodenum

45
Q

what mesentary does the foregut have

A

the foregut has both ventral & dorsal mesenteries

46
Q

what mesentery does hindgut have

A

only dorsal mesentery

47
Q

what mesentery does midgut have

A

only dorsal mesentery

48
Q

what is The ventral mesentery derived from

A

derived from the septum transversum

49
Q

what does the free lower margin of the ventral mesentery contain

A

the hepatic artery, portal vein and bile duct

50
Q

where does the liver develop and how does this affect the mesentery

A

The liver develop IN the ventral mesentery and divides IT into the lesser omentum& the falciform ligament

51
Q

how does the stomach first appear at the 4th week

A

Appears as a fusiform (spiral-shaped) dilation in the foregut in the 4th week

52
Q

the appearance and position of the stomach changes greatly as a result of

A

the different rate of growth in variousregions of its wall

53
Q

The developing stomach is attached to the body walls by

A

the dorsal & ventral mesenteries

54
Q

The left & right vagus nerves flank

A

the left andright side of the developing stomach respectively

55
Q

what part of the stomach grows faster than what

what does this from

A

The dorsal wall of the stomach grows faster thanthe ventral wall, this differential growthforms the greater & lesser curvatures of the stomach

56
Q

During the 7th week what happens to the stomach

A

the stomach rotates 90 degrees CLOCKWISEabout a longitudinal axis - this rotate produces a space behind the stomach called the lesser sac

57
Q

What happens to the stomach and duodenum in the 8th week

A

In the 8th week the stomach and duodenum ROTATE about a ventrodorsal axis, pulling the end of the stomachupwards, theypull the duodenum into a C-shape

58
Q

what do the rotations in the 8th week result in

A

These rotations result in the thinning of the dorsal mesentery, which now hangs from the greater curvature of the stomach - it is now called the greater omentum

The ventral mesentery is now attached to the developing liver and has formed the lesser omentum

59
Q

The space anterior to the stomach is called the

A

greater sac

60
Q

The greater and lesser sacs communicate via

A

a small opening (located near the hilum of the liver) called the epiploic foramen

61
Q

During the fetal period, the anterior & posterior folds of the greater omentumFUSE to form oneTHICK sheet formed from

A

4 layers of peritoneum

GI (7 decks)

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