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OB > Saliva > Flashcards

Saliva Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 major salivary glands and state their type of secretion

A
  1. Parotid - 99% serous
  2. Submandibular - mixed mucous/serous
  3. Sublingual - mainly mucous
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2
Q

What is the function of the resting saliva secretion?

A

It helps to keep the mouth and oropharynx moist, lubricated and protected

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3
Q

State the values of the unstimulated flow rate and the stimulated flow rate

A

unstimulated: 0.3ml/min
stimulated: 1.75ml/min

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4
Q

Composition of saliva at rest from parotid, submandibular, sublingual and minor glands

A

P: 10%, SM: 70%, SL: 10%, MG: 10%

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5
Q

Composition of saliva when stimulated from parotid, submandibular, sublingual and minor glands

A

P: 60%, SM: 30%, SL: 5%, MG: 5%

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6
Q

Name 7 factors influencing the stimulated flow rate

A
  1. Mechanical stimuli (unilateral > contralateral)
  2. Gustatory and olfactory stimuli
  3. Gland size
  4. Age
  5. Food intake (nature of food - acidic)
  6. Vomiting
  7. Visual stimulus
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7
Q

Name 9 functions of saliva

A
  1. Protects tissues
  2. Enhances taste
  3. Lubricates food
  4. Speeds oral clearance of food
  5. Facilitates removal of carbohydrates
  6. Inhibits demineralisation / Encourages remineralisation
  7. Discourages bacteria growth
  8. Neutralists organic acids
  9. Recycles ingested fluoride to the mouth
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8
Q

What is xerostomia? When is somebody perceived to suffer from it?

A

Xerostomia refers to the lack of saliva.

It is perceived when the unstimulated saliva flow is less than 50% of normal.

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9
Q

What problems can xerostomia pose to a person? (X5)

A
  • increased risk of caries
  • mucosal infections eg fungal
  • pain from oral mucosa
  • difficulty chewing/swallowing/speaking
  • impaired taste
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10
Q

What is the main constituent of saliva?

A

Water (99%)

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11
Q

What are the major inorganic constituents of saliva? (X7)

A 
Sodium 
Potassium
Chloride
HCO3-
Calcium 
Magnesium
HPO4-
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12
Q

Name 3 minor inorganic ions in saliva

A

I-
SCN-
F-

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13
Q

Factors affecting saliva flow rate (x8)

A
  1. Increased presence of food in mouth - chemical and mechanical
  2. Thought/smell of food
  3. Time of the day (increased in the afternoon, decreased at night)
  4. Season (winter>spring>autumn>summer)
  5. State of hydration (decreases when dehydrated)
  6. Body position
  7. Drugs
  8. Age
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14
Q

Describe the structure of a salivary gland

A

Ducts lead from the acini starting with the intercalated ducts to striated ducts to secretory ducts

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15
Q

Name the active components of the salivary gland

A

Acinus and striated duct

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16
Q

Difference between minor and major glands

A

Minor glands are smaller and have shorter ducts

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17
Q

Function of connective tissue inn salivary gland

A

The capsule and septa -

Surrounds all epithelial units and carries blood and nerve supply

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18
Q

Are the minor salivary glands mainly mucous or serous?

A

Mucous

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19
Q

Where are the minor salivary glands found?

A

Found almost everywhere in the oral mucosa, except the gingival and alveolar mucosa

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20
Q

Name 4 minor salivary glands

A
  • lingual glands
  • buccal glands
  • palatal glands
  • labial glands
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21
Q

Function of posterior mucous glands

A

Lubricates pharynx and soft palate

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22
Q

Function of anterior mucous glands

A

Lubricates the tip of the tongue, provides protection of the tongue from abrasion of teeth

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23
Q

Name an example of a lingual gland

A

Serous gland of von ebner

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24
Q

Where can serous glands of von ebner be found? What is the function?

A

Found in taste buds in the tongue
Fxn: allow taste sensation by dissolving chemicals, enzyme lipase is present here to help clear the tongue of fatty deposits, thus allowing proper functioning of the taste buds

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25
Q

Name the two cranial nerves carrying parasympathetic supply to the salivary glands

A

CN VII , IX

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26
Q

Which nucleus does the facial nerve innervate?

A

Superior salivatory nucleus

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27
Q

Which nucleus is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Inferior salivatory nucleus

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28
Q

From where does the spheno palatine ganglion receive its input?
What does the spheno palatine ganglion supply?

A

Receives input from the superior salivatory nucleus via the greater petrosal nerve
Supplies the palatal glands

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29
Q

From where does the submandibular ganglion receive its inputs from?
What does it proceed to supply?

A

Submandibular ganglion via chorda tympani from superior salivatory nucleus
Supplies the submandibular, sublingual, lingual and labial glands

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30
Q

What is the otic ganglion innervated by?

What does it supply?

A

CN IX-Inferior salivatory nucleus via lesser petrosal nerve

Parotid gland

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31
Q

Where do salivary glands get its sympathetic supply from?

A

Upper thoracic spinal nerves

lateral horn -> superior cervical ganglion

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32
Q

When does the development of salivary glands start?

A

Around 6 weeks I.u.l

Parotid gland begins to develop followed by the other glands

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33
Q

What components are derived from the ectoderm?

A

Epithelial components for the parotid and most minor glands

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34
Q

From where are epithelial components for the submandibular and sublingual glands derived from?

A

Ectoderm and endoderm

35
Q

From where are epithelial components of lingual minor salivary glands derived?

A

Endoderm

36
Q

From where are connective tissue in all salivary glands derived?

A

Ectomesenchyme

37
Q

Which components are derived from the endoderm?

A

Epithelial components of lingual minor salivary glands

38
Q

Which epithelial components are derived from both the ectoderm and endoderm?

A

Epithelial components for the submandibular and sublingual glands

39
Q

What is derived from ectomesenchyme?

A

Connective tissue of all salivary glands

40
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system required for

?

A

Cellular differentiation

41
Q

What is cellular differentiation in salivary glands dependent on? (X2)

A
  • epithelial - mesenchymal interactions

- sympathetic nervous system

42
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system influence?

A

Overall growth of gland

43
Q

Which salivary glands are found underneath the mandibular process? (X2)

A

Submandibular and sublingual glands

44
Q

Which salivary gland can be found above the mandibular process?

A

Parotid gland

45
Q

Shape of acinus

A

Pyramidal shaped and polarised

46
Q

Name the three classifications of acinus

A
  • serous
  • mucous
  • mucous + serous demilune
47
Q

Where can myo-epithelial cells be found?

A

Acini and intercalated ducts

48
Q

Function of myoepithelial cells (x2)

A
  • contractile elements to “squeeze” acinus, assisting secretions into lumen
  • regulates duct lumen diameter
49
Q

Histological presentation of intercalated ducts

A

Low cuboidal cells

Large central nucleus

50
Q

Which glands do not contain striated ducts?

A

Sublingual glands

51
Q

Histological presentation of striated ducts

A

Columnar shaped cells with massive basal membrane folding, which appears as striations

52
Q

Histological presentation of secretory ducts

A

Large lumen, with pseudostratified columnar epithelium which is stratified near termination

53
Q

What is the effect of a high flow rate on the composition of parotid saliva?

A

Higher sodium concentration in saliva

54
Q

What is the effect of a low flow rate on the composition of parotid saliva?

A

Lower sodium concentration in saliva

55
Q

What are the organic constituents of saliva secreted by?

A

Acinar cells

56
Q

List the processes involved in the secretion of organic components of saliva (x4)

A
  • formation of peptides
  • post translational glycosylation of peptides
  • processing and packaging of organic components
  • formation of condensing vacuoles
57
Q

What is the main mechanism for secretion of components into saliva?

A

Exocrine - mainly merocrine

58
Q

Neural control of salivary secretion:

What does the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves secrete?

A

Parasympathetic nerves secrete acetylcholine

Sympathetic nerves secrete noradrenaline

59
Q

Name 3 possible neuropeptide transmitters involved in the control of saliva secretion

A

Substance P
Vasoactive intestinal peptide
CGRP

60
Q

Which stimuli results in the most effective gustatory salivary reflex?

A

Sour > salt > bitter and sweet

61
Q

Is the olfactory-parotid reflex present in humans

A

No

62
Q

Is the parotid-submandibular reflex present in humans?

A

Yes

63
Q

What gives rise to the parotid-submandibular response?

A

Chewing gives the parotid response

Smell gives the submandibular response

64
Q

What is the role of the higher centres in relation to saliva secretion?

A

Association of the stimulus with actual food intake rather than the direct oral stimulus of food intake

Higher Centres can facilitate or inhibit saliva secretion, but cannot enhance it

65
Q

Name 6 major constituents of saliva and GCF

A
  • IgA
  • sodium
  • potassium
  • protein
  • bicarbonate
  • phosphate
66
Q

Compare the IgA and protein levels between saliva and GCF

A

10x higher in GCF than in saliva

67
Q

Which constituent is roughly about the same in saliva and GCF ?

A

Potassium

68
Q

Which constituent is vastly higher in GCF than saliva and which is much lower?

A

Sodium much higher in GCF

Phosphate much lower in GCF

69
Q

Name the major constituents of saliva that are anti bacterial x5

A 
Amylase
Cystatin
Histatins
Mucins
Peroxidase
70
Q

Name an anti-fungal constituent of saliva

A

Histatin

71
Q

Name 2 anti-viral constituents of saliva

A

Cystatin, Mucins

72
Q

Name 2 constituents of saliva with buffering capacity

A

Carbonic anhydrases, Histatins

73
Q

Name 3 constituents of saliva involved in digestion

A

Amylases, Mucins, Lipases

74
Q

Name 2 constituents of saliva involved in lubrication

A

Mucins, Statherins

75
Q

What is the acquired pellicle?

A

A cell-free proteinaceous layer of macromolecules on the mineral surface of teeth, containing peptides, proteins, enzymes, glycoproteins, lipids and glycolipids

76
Q

How does carbonic anhydrase IV offer protection to tooth?

A

It binds to the pellicle and offers localised protection through the removal of H+

77
Q

What is Statherin?

A

An amphipathic molecule/phosphoprotein

78
Q

Function of Statherin

A

Aids A. Viscosus and F. nucleatum binding to HAp

79
Q

Which is the most abundant salivary enzyme?

A

a-amylase

80
Q

Action of a-amylase in saliva

A

Hydrolyzes a(1,4) glycosidic bonds of polysaccharides

81
Q

Where is lingual lipase secreted from?

A

Von Ebner’s glands of the tongue

82
Q

Action of lingual lipase

A

Hydrolyzes medium to long-chain triglycerides into diglycerides and free fatty acids

83
Q

2 main functions of mucins

A
  1. Tissue coating

2. Lubrication

84
Q

What effect does lactoferrin have?

A

Bacteriostatic function, blocks the growth of iron dependent organisms

OB (7 decks)

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