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Kettering > Safety > Flashcards

Safety Flashcards

1
Q

required amps for thermionic emission

A

4-6 amps of current

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2
Q

required voltage for thermionic emission

A

8-12 volts

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3
Q

what is focusing cup made of

A

Molybdenum or nickel

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4
Q

what percentage of electrons becomes heat / x-rays during exposure

A

99% heat, 1% x-rays

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5
Q

where does the current come from to produce thermionic emission

A

step down transformer

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6
Q

what charge does the anode carry

A

positive

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7
Q

atomic number of tungsten

A

74

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8
Q

what charge does the cathode carry

A

negative

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9
Q

material that makes up filament wire

A

thoriated tungsten

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10
Q

K shell election binding energy

A

69.53 kev

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11
Q

L shell electron binding energy

A

12 kev

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12
Q

M shell electron binding energy

A

3 kev

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13
Q

maximum number of electrons in shell formula

A

2n^2 where n is the shell number

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14
Q

maximum number of electrons in valence shell

A

8

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15
Q

90% of all x-ray production is from which interaction

A

Bremsstrahlung

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16
Q

the average energy of the central ray is about ___% of the peak energy (kVp)

A

30%

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17
Q

interactions that occur at the target / tube

A

Brehmsstralung, characteristic, heat

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18
Q

interactions that occur at the tissue

A

photoelectric absorption, compton scatter, coherent

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19
Q

which x-rays and interaction are considered diagnostically useful?

A

K-shell characteristic x-rays

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20
Q

at 85 kVp, __% of the beam is characteristic

A

15%

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21
Q

N shell electron binding energy

A

1 kev

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22
Q

forms of radiation that travel as particulate radiation

A

beta and alpha radiation

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23
Q

speed of light

A

3 x 10^8 meters/sec

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24
Q

what is the difference between x-ray and gamma rays?

A

source of origin

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25
Q

what is the relationship between wavelength and frequency?

A

inversely proportional

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26
Q

what is the relationship between wavelength and beam energy?

A

inversely proportional

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27
Q

what is the velocity of all electromagnetic radiation?

A

speed of light

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28
Q

what measures filtration

A

half value layer

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29
Q

which factors effect the half value layer

A

kVp and filtration

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30
Q

image forming radiation is also known as

A

remnant radiation / exit radiation

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31
Q

the absorption of the x-ray beam as it passes through matter

A

attenuation

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32
Q

greatest source of scatter in radiography

A

the patient

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33
Q

during fluoro, greatest source of occupational exposure

A

compton effect

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34
Q

at what angle from the patient will you receive the least amount of radiation

A

90 degree angle, right angle, perpendicular to

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35
Q

every time an x-ray photon gets scattered, it will leave with how much of its original intensity

A

1/1000th, .001, .1%

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36
Q

primary source of patient radiation exposure

A

photoelectric interaction

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37
Q

interaction that is the source of biological damage for the patient

A

photoelectric absorption

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38
Q

at 70 kVp __% of x-rays undergo coherent scattering

A

3%

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39
Q

approximately __% of x-rays incident on the patient reach the IR

A

1%

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40
Q

t/f atomic number of tissue increases the amount of scatter

A

false

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41
Q

what is the unit of absorbed dose

A

gray

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42
Q

what is the unit of absorbed dose equivalent

A

sievert

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43
Q

rad to gray conversion

A

x .01

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44
Q

rad to mGy conversion

A

x10

45
Q

quality factor for gamma rays

A

1

46
Q

quality factor for beta particles

A

1

47
Q

quality factor for protons

A

5

48
Q

quality factor for fast neutrons

A

10

49
Q

quality factor for alpha particles

A

20

50
Q

meaning of KERMA

A

kinetic energy released per unit mass

51
Q

measures the number of ionizations in air

A

exposure (C/kg)

52
Q

measures the energy of ionizations in the air

A

air kerma (Gy)

53
Q

used to compare risk of cancer based on different types of radiation and different types of tissue

A

effective dose

54
Q

which dose response relationship is radiation protection standards based on

A

linear non-threshold

55
Q

which dose response relationship is diagnostic x-ray

A

linear non-threshold

56
Q

what is the single most radiosensitive cell in the body

A

lymphocyte

57
Q

ability to produce biological damage

A

relative biologic effectiveness (RBE)

58
Q

what is the relationship between RBE and LET

A

directly proportional

59
Q

radiation interaction with water is called

A

radiolysis

60
Q

percentage of the body that is water

A

80 ish %

61
Q

cell dies without attempting to divide (2 names)

A

interphase death or apoptosis

62
Q

cell division is known as

A

mitosis

63
Q

germ cell division is known as

A

meiosis

64
Q

dose required for mitotic delay

A

.01 Gy or 10 mGy

65
Q

dose required for reproductive failure

A

1-10 Gy

66
Q

which part of the eye is most radiosensitive

A

lens

67
Q

what dose to the eye will cause partial or complete vision loss

A

2 Gy

68
Q

what dose will cause skin erythema

A

2 Gy

69
Q

what dose will cause epilation (hair loss)

A

3 Gy

70
Q

dose for female sterility temporary and permanent

A

2 Gy temp, 5 Gy permanent

71
Q

dose for male sterility

A

.1 Gy depressed sperm count, 5-6 Gy permanent

72
Q

what dose can result in genetic mutations

A

100 mGy or .1 Gy

73
Q

cancer causing agents are called

A

carcinogens

74
Q

dose required for hemopoietic syndrome

A

1-10 Gy to whole body

75
Q

when does death occur for hemopoietic syndrome

A

3-6 weeks after exposure

76
Q

dose required for gastrointesinal syndrome

A

10-50 Gy

77
Q

when does death occur for gastrointestinal syndrome

A

1 week following exposure

78
Q

dose required for CNS death or cerebrovascular syndrome

A

50 Gy

79
Q

when does death occur for CNS syndrome

A

death within hours or days

80
Q

as the complexity of the system increases, what happens to threshold dose and survival time

A

complexity increases, threshold increases, survival time decreases

81
Q

minimum filtration for 70 kVp and above

A

2.5 mm Al equivalent

82
Q

how do you reduce ESE to vitally sensitive organs

A

turn back to the beam (skin exposure)

83
Q

minimum filtration for below kVp

A

.5mm Al eq

84
Q

minimum filtration 50-70 kVp

A

1.5 mm Al eq

85
Q

digital imaging eliminates retakes due to overexposure of up to ___% and underexposure up to ___%

A

500% over, 80% under

86
Q

ALARA meaning

A

as low as reasonably achievable

87
Q

body part thickness to use a grid

A

10 cm thick

88
Q

good middle ground pulse per second for fluoro

A

7.5 pps

89
Q

minimum lead equivalent required for lead aprons

A

.25 mm Pb

90
Q

recommended and most widely used lead thickness for shielding

A

.5mm Pb

91
Q

what percentage of radiation is blocked at .5mm Pb at 75 kVp

A

88%

92
Q

largest source of natural radiation

A

radon gas

93
Q

largest source of artificial exposure

A

medical imaging

94
Q

fluoro curtain is what lead thickness

A

.25 mm Pb

95
Q

minimum lead equivalent required for lead aprons for use in fluoro

A

.5mm Pb

96
Q

primary protective barrier lead equivalent required

A

1/16 inch, .16 cm, 1.6 mm

97
Q

primary protective barrier must be how high

A

7 feet

98
Q

secondary protective barrier lead equivalent required

A

.08 cm or .8 mm Pb

99
Q

fluoro exposure switch must be what type

A

dead man switch

100
Q

functional component of TLD

A

lithium fluoride

101
Q

how to get readings from TLD

A

heating up lithium fluoride chip

102
Q

functional component of OSL

A

aluminum oxide

103
Q

how to get readings from OSL

A

laser light reading luminescence

104
Q

dose limit for embryo

A

5 mSv for entire period, .5 mSv for each month

105
Q

annual whole body exposure limit occupational

A

50 mSv

106
Q

annual lens of the eye exposure limit occupational

A

150 mSv

107
Q

annual extremity, breast, lung, gonad etc exposure limit occupational

A

500 mSv

108
Q

cumulative effective limit occupational

A

10 mSv x age in years

Kettering (5 decks)

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