Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sexual Biology > Safer sex, contraception, barrier methods > Flashcards

Safer sex, contraception, barrier methods Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

three aspects of safest sex

A

consent

contraception

comfort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Do condoms increase sexual activity

A

NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Latex Condoms pros and cons

A

inexpensive, readily availabe

not used with oil base lubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

polyurathane condoms pros and cons

A

good for latex sensitivity, ok with oil based lubes

Looser so may slip off, not as stretchy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

polyisoprene condom pros and cons

A

good for latex sensativity, stretchy like latex

cannot be used with oil based lube, degrades in heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

lambskin condom pros and cons

A

good for latex sensativity, feels “natural”

does not protect against STI, looser fit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

External condom info

A

Effective against pregnancy
 (82% typical vs 98% perfect use)
 STI protection
 May decrease sensitivity
 Accessible
 No prescription necessary
 Some may be sensitive to material or lubricant
 May be cut and used as dental dam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how effective are condoms against pregnancy

A

(82% typical vs 98% perfect use)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

steps for condom usage

A

 Step 1: consent
 Step 2: expiration date
 Step 3: open from the edge
 Step 4: leave a half inch of extra space at the tip and
pinch the air
 Step 5: unroll the condom (the right way)
 Step 6: business time
 Step 7: hold on to base of condom after ejaculation
 Step 8: throw it out in the garbage
 Step 9: rinse and repeat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

difference between two types of internal condoms

A

material

FC1 -polyurethane

FC2- synthetic nitrile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Internal Condom Info

A

May be used in a vagina, rectum, or mouth
 Protects against STIs (and provides extra surface area)
 Effective against pregnancy (79% typical vs 95%
perfect)
 No prescription if bought through FC2 website or
clinic/health department
 Often free with insurance with a prescription
 Not made of latex
 May be inserted up to 8 hours before use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how effective are internal condoms against pregnancy?

A

(79% typical vs 95%
perfect)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how soon can internal condoms be inserted before sex?

A

8 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

steps for internal condoms

A

Step 1: consent
 Step 2: expiration date
 Step 3: open from the edge
 Step 4: may add more lubricant and/or spermicide
 Step 5: squeeze the closed end ring together and insert as
deeply as possible
 Step 6: let the outer ring hang outside of the vagina/anus
 Step 7: business time
 Step 8: squeeze outer ring and twist it like a baggie so nothing
spills
 Step 9: pull out gently and throw away
 Step 10: rinse and repeat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

dental dams info

A

Barrier during oral sex
 Made from latex or polyurethane
 Come in different colors and flavors – often square
shaped
 Can be used with or without lubrication
 Works to avoid direct contact
 Should only be used once
 Sold in most pharmacies and online, available in many
clinics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

steps for dental dams

A

Step 1: consent
 Step 2: expiration date
 Step 3: unwrap and unfold
 Step 4: cover area
 Step 5: business time
 Step 6: throw away
 Step 7: rinse and repeat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

median age of first sex in US?

A

17.8-18.1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

median age for marriage

A

women = 26.5

Men = 29.8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how many americans have sex before marriage

A

95%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

LARC stands for

A

long acting reversable contraception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

LARC effectivnessa gainst pregnancy

A

99% (most effective)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

IUD/Implant (LARC) info

A

Most effective methods: >99%

 No estrogen
 Contraindications rare
Anatomic abnormalities
Unexplained abnormal uterine
bleeding
Active pelvic inflammatory disease
Long-term protection: lasts 3-12 years
Rapid return of fertility
Most cost effective
Does not prevent STIs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Copper IUD/Paragard

A

Copper ions
• No hormones
• 10-12 years of use
• Cost: ~$0- $800, covered by most insurance
• Can be used as emergency contraception
• Won’t eliminate periods
• Common side effect: heavier, crampier periods
• Primary mechanism is prevention of fertilization
• Reduce motility and viability of sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

IUD’s prevent pregnancy by

A

preventing fertilization (not abortion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Mirena

A

20 mcg levonorgestrel/day (52 mg total)
• Progestin only method
• 5-7 years use
• Cost : ~$0-$950
• Helpful for menstrual suppression
• Amenorrhea in ~40% of users by 1 year • Primary mechanism is fertilization inhibition
• Cervical mucus thickening
• Sperm inhibition (function/motility)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Skyla

A

has 13.5 mg levonorgestrel
 Lasts 3 yrs
 Smaller, easier to insert vs marketing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Liletta

A

has 52 mg levonorgestrel
 Is pharmacologically IDENTICAL to Mirena
 Lasts 4 years (data to date- but known to be 5)
 Affordable version of Mirena

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

kyleena

A

has 19.5 mg levonorgestrel
 Lasts 5 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Copper IUD is best choice if

A

Want periods
 Wants hormone-free
method
 No history of dysmenorrhea
 No history of menorrhagia
 OK with heavy bleeding
 10+ years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

LNG IUD is the best choice if

A

 OK with amenorrhea
 OK with irregular bleeding
 History of dysmenorrhea
 History of menorrhagia
 3-5+ years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

subdermal implant: Nexplanon

A

Contains etonogestrel (progestin)
 Single rod implanted subdermally inside of upper arm
 Lasts for 3 years, ~$ 0 - $850
 Thickens cervical mucus, inhibits ovulation
 Irregular bleeding common side effect in first few months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Depo-Provera (the shot)

A

Medroxyprogesterone acetate
 150 mg IM every 11-13 weeks (up to 14 weeks)
 SubQ 104 mg every 12-14 weeks
 Progesterone actions
 Suppresses LH and prevents ovulation
 Thickens cervical mucus
 Atrophies endometrium
 Decreases cilia motility in fallopian tubes
 Effective for pregnancy prevention (94% typical vs 99% perfect)
 ~ $0- $120

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Depo Prevera cons

A

Side effects:
spotting/irregular menses,
weight gain*, bone density
(reversible), delayed return
to fertility
 50% amenorrhoeic at 1
year
 Can’t be immediately
stopped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Estrogen

A

Previously discussed copper or
progesterone hormones
 Estrogen – oral contraceptive pill,
patch, ring
 Can help regulate menstrual cycle
 May decrease bleeding, may have
other side effects
 Increases risk of clot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Reasons to avoid estrogen

A

Any increased risk of clots:
 Liver disease
 History of clots/stroke
 Immobilization
 Migraine with aura
 Uncontrolled hypertension
 Heart disease
 Breast cancer
 If > 35 years old and smoke cigarettes
 Medication interaction (antibiotics)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Combined oral contraceptive pills

(OCPs, the pill)

A

Daily pill of estrogen and progesterone
 Progesterone inhibits LH (prevents ovulation), thickens
cervical mucus, atrophies endometrium (preventing
fertilization and implantation)
 Estrogen inhibits FSH, inhibits ovulation
 Some can help decrease free testosterone
 Cost ~ $0 – 120 / month
 Effective against pregnancy (91% typical vs 99% perfect)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

effectiveness of OCP

A

91% typical vs 99% perfect

38
Q

pill category

A

Which hormones
 How much estrogen
 Which progesterone
 Monophasic? Triphasic?
 Cyclic? Extended use?
 For acne?
 21? 24? 28? 84? 91?

39
Q

Monophasic? Triphasic?

A

monophasic - same amount of hormone in every pill

triphasic - different hormone in every pill to mimic cycle

40
Q

is placebo week necessary?

A

no

41
Q

OCP pros

A

Rapid return to fertility
 Menstrual regularity
 Decrease dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia and anemia
 Decrease ectopic pregnancy rate
 Decrease ovarian and endometrial cancer

42
Q

OCP Cons

A

daily medication

regular supply needed

mulptiple side effects

multiple contraindications

CLOTS

43
Q

Side effects of OCP

A

Nausea
 Vomiting
 Headaches
 Mood changes
 Sore breasts

44
Q

The Patch (xulane/twirla)

A

Progesterone + estrogen in a transdermal delivery
system
 1 patch weekly for 3 weeks, then patch-free for 1
week
 Menses usually start 4 days after patch removal
 Place on trunk, upper arms, thighs (not breast)
 Can detach or irritate skin
 Higher dose of estrogen – greater risk of nausea,
clot
 Less effective in patients with higher BMI
 ~$0-50 / month
 Effective to prevent pregnancy (91% typical, 99%
perfect)

45
Q

patch effectiveness

A

91% typical, 99%
perfect

46
Q

The Ring (nuvaring/annovera)

A

Progesterone + estrogen
 Soft elastic ring inserted intravaginally for 3 weeks
with 1 week off
 Does not need to be put around cervix, just in
vaginal vault adjacent to mucosa
 Side effects: leukorrhea (normal discharge)
 Some partners can feel ring during sex (can
remove for up to 3 hours)
 ~ $0 – 75 / month
 Effective against pregnancy (91% typical, 99%
perfect)

47
Q

the ring effectiveness

A

91% typical, 99%
perfect

48
Q

Progesterone only pill

A

Progestin-only pills (Micronor, Nor-QD)
 Small dose of progestin – works primarily by increasing
viscosity of cervical mucus
 Does not reliably inhibit ovulation
 Need to be taken carefully and consistently
 Useful if contraindications to estrogen and don’t want
Depo or LARC
 Also used post-partum and with breastfeeding

49
Q

Fertility
awareness/withdrawal /
coitus interruptus effectiveness

A

Typical effectiveness – 78%
 Perfect use – 96%

50
Q

Fertility
awareness/withdrawal /
coitus interruptus

A

 No ejaculating into the vagina

Free, but risky

 Tracking periods
 Assessing cervical secretions
 Basal body temperature

51
Q

Emergency contraception types

A

Pill
 Levonorgesterol
 Ella
 Mifepristone

 Copper IUD*

52
Q

levonorgestrel

A

Large one time dose
 Best taken ASAP after unprotected intercourse
 Effective up to 5 days after unprotected sex
(package says 72 hours)
 75-85% effective in reducing pregnancy if used
within 72 hours, less so if used later
 Less effective if increased BMI
 No serious side effects
 Over the counter but insurance also pays

53
Q

effectiveness of levonorgestrel

A

75-85% effective in reducing pregnancy if used
within 72 hours, less so if used later

54
Q

Ella (Ulipristal acetate)

A

Progesterone receptor modulator (agonist/antagonist)
 Prevents ovulation for 5 days after unprotected sex
 Superior to Plan B in meta-analyses, particularly for
increased BMI and at 5 day mark
 Available by prescription only
 Ideally should wait 5 days to start a hormonal method of
contraception

55
Q

medication pregnancy termination

A

Mifepristone and misoprostol (take both - mife stops progression of pregnancy and miso releases contents of uterus)

Oral or vaginal suppository
 Until 10 weeks gestation

Inhibit progesterone, block ovulation, prevents implantation, disrupt implantation (prevents progression of pregnancy)

56
Q

Aspiration/ surgical Abortion

A

Until 10 – 14 weeks
gestation
 Vacuum aspiration
 Gentle suction to empty
uterus
 Takes about 5-10 minutes
 Generally less bleeding
 Leave the office visit not
pregnant

57
Q

what stage does Dilation and curettage happen in abortion

A

1st trimester (10-16 weeks after LMP)

58
Q

Dilation and evacuation take place during which stage in pregnancy for abortion

A

2nd trimester (where misinformation lives)

59
Q

Dilation and extraction for abortion

A

After 20 weeks
 “Partial birth abortion” (no such thing)
 Political concept,
no medical
meaning
 Late term abortion
 Graphic descriptions
and pictures
(misleading and on
purpose)

60
Q

3rd trimester abortion

A

Very rare – potential to survive on own
 Labor induction with saline, oxytocin, mifepristone,
prostaglandins, and D+E if necessary

61
Q

fetuses cannot experience pain before

A

29-30 weeks

62
Q

birth control in testes person

A

vasectomy

 Gossypol – can reduce sperm production

63
Q

future of birth control for testes person

A

Medications are difficult
 Hundreds of millions of sperm cells each ejaculate
 Gels
 Nesterone-Testosterone (progestin+testosterone)
 Pills
 Dimethandrolone undecanoate (DMAU) – Progestin +
testosterone
 Nonsurgical vasectomy (RISUG – reversible inhibition of
sperm under guidance)
 Injecting polymer gel into vas deferens

64
Q

HPV

A

HPV – Human papillomavirus
 > 200 types, but 40 of the strains love genitals and
mouths
 Can live on the skin or on objects recently touched by
genitals
 Spread by vaginal, anal, or oral sex, or by sharing sex
toys (or through pregnancy)
 Usually harmless, but can cause cancer or genital warts
 Most people who have sex have HPV at some point

65
Q

how is HPV spread

A

Spread by vaginal, anal, or oral sex, or by sharing sex
toys (or through pregnancy)

66
Q

HPV Signs

A

Two types – 6 and 11 – cause most 90% of genital warts
 Two types – 16 and 18 – cause 80% of cervical cancer
cases
 Cancer of vulva, vagina, penis, anus, mouth, and
throat

 Warts can be removed with medicine or freezing
techniques
 Vaccines! Now prevents against 9 most common strains
 Pap smear at age 21 to help detect abnormal cells
caused by HPV

67
Q

Chlamydia

A

Most commonly REPORTED STI
 3 million Americans every year, most commonly 14-24
year olds
 Bacterial infection – easily cured
 Infection is carried in ejaculate, pre-ejaculate, and
vaginal fluids (or through pregnancy)
 Can infect penis, vagina, cervix, anus, urethra, eyes,
lungs, and throat
 Can take 3 weeks after being infected to show up on
test
 Can be asymptomatic

68
Q

Chlamydia signs

A

Signs/symptoms – pain/burning on urination, pain during
sex, abdominal pain, vaginal/urethral discharge, vaginal
bleeding, swollen testicles, pain/discharge/bleeding
from anus
 If untreated can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease
and infertility

69
Q

Chlamydia testing/treatment

A

Tested with swab/urine sample

Antibiotic (1 dose
azithromycin or 7 days of
doxycycline)
 Expedited partner therapy (give dose to partner)

 Abstain from sex for 7 days
 Get tested again in 3-4
months

70
Q

How is Chlamydia spread

A 
Infection is carried in ejaculate, pre-ejaculate, and
vaginal fluids (or through pregnancy)
71
Q

Gonorrhea – “the clap”

A

Common bacterial infection
 Easily* cured
 Infection is carried in ejaculate, pre-ejaculate, and
vaginal fluids (or pregnancy)
 Can infect penis, vagina, cervix, anus, urethra, eyes,
lungs, and throat
 Can take 3 weeks after being infected to show up on
test
 Can be asymptomatic

72
Q

how is ghonorrhea spread

A 
Infection is carried in ejaculate, pre-ejaculate, and
vaginal fluids (or pregnancy)
73
Q

Ghonnorhea symptoms

A

Signs/symptoms – pain/burning on urination, pain during
sex, abdominal pain, vaginal/urethral discharge, vaginal
bleeding, swollen testicles, pain/discharge/bleeding
from anus
 Can lead to joint pain and arthritis
 If untreated can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease
and infertility

74
Q

Ghonnorhea testing and treatment

A

Tested with swab/urine sample

 Antibiotic *** injection of ceftriaxone
 Change in therapy is for growing resistance
 Superbugs
 Expedited partner therapy
 Abstain from sex for 7 days
 Get tested again in 3-4 months

75
Q

Syphilis

A

Common bacterial infection spread through vaginal,
anal, and oral sex (and pregnancy)

76
Q

syphilis symptoms

A

Stage 1 – can cause painless sores on genitals or mouth
(chancres)
 Stage 2 – flu like symptoms with rash on hands and soles
 Stage 3 – latent
 Stage 4 – tertiary/late syphilis – when heart, eyes, brain,
nervous system affected

77
Q

syphilis testing/treatment

A

Testing? Blood test
 Treatment?
 Penicillin injection (1 - 3 doses)
 Partner testing and treatment

78
Q

HIV/AIDS

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus, when untreated, can
cause Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
 About 1.1 million people in the US living with HIV, ~ 38,000
new infections/year
 Most don’t have any symptoms for years
 Virus mainly attacks white blood cells (called T cells)

79
Q

how is HIV/AIDS spread

A

Carried in semen, vaginal fluids, blood, and breast milk

(may be passed through placenta)

80
Q

HIV/AIDS symptoms

A

Asymptomatic, flu like symptoms, opportunistic infections

81
Q

HIV AIDS testing/treatment

A

Need to be tests – blood/cheek swab
 Antiretroviral therapy can manage/treat, but not cure
 Undetectable viral load– cannot transmit virus
 PEP – post exposure prophylaxis
 PrEP – pre-exposure prophylaxis

82
Q

How soon must one take PEP for it to be effective

A

within 72 hours

83
Q

Herpes

A

Virus that can cause sores on mouth/genitals
 Annoying and painful, but usually just little red bumps
 ~ 3.7 billion people under age 50 (67%) have HSV-1 infection
 ~ 417 million people aged 15-49 (11%) worldwide have HSV-2
 In the US, an estimated 87.4% of 14 to 49 year olds with HSV-2 have
never received a clinical diagnosis
 Caused by two viruses – HSV1 and HSV2
 Both can cause sores on vulva, vagina, cervix, anus,
penis, scrotum, butt, inner thigh, lips, mouth throat,
fingers, eyes

84
Q

how is herpes spread

A

Spread through contact with infected areas or even
without sores/symptoms

85
Q

herpes signs

A

Asymptomatic, rash, or itchy/painful blisters
 Can lead to flu like symptoms
 1
st outbreak often has repeat sores even after initial
treatment
 Usually fewer outbreaks over time, some stop having
them
 Sores can be swabbed

86
Q

Herpes Treatment/testing

A

Blood test controversial because many people can
have positive blood test and NEVER have a sore

Treatment: antiviral medication, suppressive therapy,
warm bath, keeping area dry, ice pack, analgesic,
wearing soft/loose clothes
 Prevention
 Talking about it

87
Q

Trichomoniasis

A

Caused by a parasite

Impacts individuals with a vagina > individuals with a
penis

88
Q

How is Trich Spread

A

Spread through sexual contact

89
Q

Trich treatment/testing

A

Diagnosed with a swab or urine sample
 Treated with antibiotic (for person and partner)

90
Q

Trich signs

A

Pain, discharge, painful sex

Sexual Biology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions