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Sexual Biology > Genital Anatomy > Flashcards

Genital Anatomy Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are these and what are their significance?

A

Pilgrim badges from 14th and 15th century

There is a clear period we can point to when genital shame became apparent

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2
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4
Q
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5
Q

Clitoris size

A

pea to small pickle

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6
Q

Clitoris nerve endings

A

twice as many as compared to penis

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7
Q

Clitoris function

A

solely for pleasure

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

Skenes Gland

A

release mucus and fluids (same fluids as prostate)

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10
Q

Bartholin’s Gland

A

releases mucus and lubrication

can get cysts

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11
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12
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13
Q

What are the two cylinders inside the clitoris?

A

Corpus Cavernosum

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14
Q

Hymen/Vaginal Corona

A

Thin membrane that can surround the opening of the vagina, often with a small circular opening

Not a test for “virginity”

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15
Q

They Hymen possibly exists to ______

A

Block Germs from entering

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

Wandering uterus

A

12th century

uturus can travel and cause pain to other parts of the body

hysteria

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18
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20
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21
Q

Breast budding

A

first sign of puberty in ovary person

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22
Q

Puberty Progression on ovary person

A

Breast budding (8-13)

Growth of pubic hair (8-14)

Growth Spurt (9-14.5)

First period (menarch) (10-16)

Underarm hair (10.5-16.5)

Change in body shape (11-14.5)

Adult breast size (12.5-16.5)

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23
Q

Egg cells

A

1.2 million in body when born

Decreases over time

can be fertilized at puberty

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24
Q

Corpus luteum

A

A yellow lining in the uterus after ovulation

secretes progesterone

degenerates without fertilization

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25
Q

proliferative/ follicular phase

A

FSH acts on the ovarian follicle
 Follicle grows until it’s ready to be released
 Vaginal secretions get thinner
 Controlled mainly by estrogen
 Towards the end of this half, as estrogen increases – endometrial glands start to proliferate (grow)

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26
Q

Ovulation Phase

A

 LH surge causes the ovary to release the egg
 Positive feedback!

Release of egg is pop off valve

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27
Q

The secretory/luteal phase

A

 LH is elevated, but starts to decrease (positive feedback turned off)
 Vaginal secretions gets thicker
 Endometrial lining builds up with blood supply
 Mainly controlled by progesterone

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28
Q

Phases in the Ovary

A

Follicular and Luteal

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29
Q

Phases in the endometrium

A

proliferative and secretory

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30
Q

Menarch

A

first menstruation someone has

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31
Q

Average age of menarch?

A

12.4

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32
Q

average days of bleeding for menstrual cycle

A

2-7

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33
Q

menstruation occurs every

A

21-45 days

(after the first 2 years, every 21-35 days)

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34
Q

average blood loss with menstruation

A

30ml/cycle (80ml associated with anemia - if someone is changing product more than every 2 hours that might be more)

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35
Q

menstrual cycle irregularities

A

 Pregnancy
 Infections
 Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) (produce higher than normal testosterone)
 Premature ovarian insufficiency / failure (premature menopause)
 Fibroids (non-cancerous growths in uterus)
 Endometriosis
 Stress
 Perimenopause

36
Q

Dysmenorrhea

A

term for pain with your period (menstruation) or menstrual cramps.

two types: primary and and secondary

37
Q

Primary Dysmenorrhea

A

is the name for common menstrual cramps that come back over and over again (recurrent) and aren’t due to other diseases.

38
Q

Secondary Dysmenorrhea

A

results from reproductive system disorders

39
Q

During puberty ____ and _____ pulsatile release to increase _____ and _______

A

FSH and LH

Estrogena and Progresterone

40
Q

Thelarche

A

(1st sign of puberty) – estrogen stimulates ductal development, progesterone stimulates alveolar development

41
Q

Estrogen in puberty causes what changes

A

growth of uterus, vagina, labia minora, bone calcium deposition, nonreceding scalp hairline, wider pelvis, subcutaneous fat deposit, closure of growth plate, heart protection

42
Q

Menopause occurs after ___ months of amenorrhea/anovulation

A

12 months

43
Q

Menopause

A

 Lower levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body
 Affects bones, heart, mood, temperature, vaginal epithelial lay thins
 FSH and LH start to increase (negative feedback), FSH first and higher (is marker via lab test)
 Hormonal changes – headache, mood changes, hot flashes

44
Q

non hormonal management of menopause

A

 Vaginal lubricants
 Moisturizers
 Exercise
 Tobacco cessation

45
Q

hormonal management of menopause

A

vaginal estrogen

systemic estrogen

SSRI’s

Calcium, Vitamin D

46
Q
A
47
Q
A
48
Q

average penis size

A

3 inches flacid

5 inches erect

(adult)

49
Q

is there correlation between flaccid-erect size or
shoe size, height, weight, race or ethnicity?

A

no

50
Q

is there a way to change penis size?

A

no

51
Q

Tunica Albuginea

A

tough lining (membrane) around each cylinder in penis - really flexible

52
Q

Erection

A

 Start in the brain with sensory or mental stimulation (while awake or sleeping)
 Nitric oxide is released, a smooth muscle relaxant, which increases the size of blood vessels carrying blood to the penis, decrease size of vessels carrying the blood out
 Ends with either lack of stimulation or contraction of penis

53
Q

what effects erection in penis?

A

Affected by aging, medication, smoking, obesity, depression, stress, vascular disorders, mood, chronic illness, situational

54
Q

Collagen

A

makes the penis tough and durable

55
Q

Elastin

A

makes penis elastic – able to be stretched

56
Q

Foreskin

A

 Develops during the 3rd month of pregnancy
 Covers the glans tightly until age 5 when can be partially rolled back without discomfort

57
Q

cons of circumcision

A

 Complications with surger (Bleeding and infection)
 Removing not enough or too much skin
 Improper healing
 Usually done without consent of individual

58
Q

Pros of circumcision

A

 Reduced rates of UTIs
 Reduced rate of foreskin problems (smegma, infection, circulation problem)
 Reduced rates of STIs (HIV, syphilis, chancroid, trichomoniasis, and mycoplasma)
 Lower rates of penile and cervical cancer (decreased rates of HPV)
 Lower rates of prostate cancer

59
Q

does circumcision effect sensation

A

early study said people reported less sensation but recent studies of nerves report no difference in sensation, ability to get aroused, or to maintain erection

60
Q

What is the first sign of puberty for a person with a penis?

A

increased size of testes

61
Q

Testes start to make _____During end of puberty

A

Sperm

62
Q

What are the tested affected by?

A

heat, radiation, malnutrition, alcoholism, stress, infection, drugs

63
Q

how long does sperm maturation take?

A

2 months

64
Q

how long is sperm viable in the vagina?

A

5 days (only a few minutes on other surfaces)

65
Q

how many sperm per ml

A

15 million

66
Q
A
67
Q

sperm geives what chromosomes?

Egg gives what chromosome?

A

sperm = xy

Egg = xx

68
Q

cheriotype

A

make up of chromosomes

69
Q

which chromosome is smaller and faster and what does that mean

A

y - more likely to not have nonviable pregnancy

70
Q

semen consists of how much % sperm

A

2-10%

71
Q

sperm are produced in the coiled tubes in the testicles called _____

A

seminiferous tubules

72
Q

Epididymis

A

where sperm mature
and are stored

73
Q

vas deferens

A

tube where sperm move through

74
Q

seminal vesicles

A

add fluid to sperm

75
Q

prostate adds what to sperm

A

milky fluid to create semen

76
Q
A
77
Q

testosterone

A

stimulates development of
lean muscle, broadening of shoulders,
vocal cord lengthening, prostate and
seminal vesicle maturation, hair line
recession, growth plate closure

78
Q

Testosterone gets converted to DHT by a
protein called

A

5 alpha reductase

79
Q

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

A

stimulates penis and scrotum growth

80
Q

Andropause/ penopause/ late
onset hypogonadism

A

A condition associated with lower levels of testosterone

Lower energy levels
 Difficulty achieving an erection, less blood flow
 Mood swings
 Loss of strength/muscle mass
 Some individuals never experience this

81
Q

Testosterone starts to decrease by _______ years old

A

30-40

82
Q

Adrenarche

A

Adrenal glands produce testosterone and DHEAS

83
Q
A
84
Q

how many times does someone go through puberty

A

3

1st in utero

soon after born

adolescence

85
Q
A

Sexual Biology (10 decks)

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