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Sacropelvic Theory Flashcards

1
Q

How many individual bones prior to fusion make up the Pelvis?

A

3:
Os Ilium
Os Pubis
Os Ischium

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2
Q

What are the two bony protuberances you can feel in the pelvis?

A

Tuber sacrale (PSIS)
Tuber Coax (ASIS)

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3
Q

What is the ossification time period for the primary centres of the pelvis in a horse and dog respectively? When is the secondary ossification completed in both?

A

E: 10-12months; 4-5 years
C: 3-5 months; 2 years

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4
Q

How many vertebrae fuse to make the sacrum in the horse and dog respectively?

A

E: 5
C: 3

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5
Q

What shape if the SIJ?

A

Trochoid (L-Shapd)

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6
Q

What three joint components make up the SIJ?

A

Cartilaginous joint part
Synovial joint part
Fibrous joint part

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7
Q

How many joint surfaces are there in the pelvis and sacrum in a horse?

A

11

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8
Q

The sacrum makes up what percentage of chiropractic in the horse?

A

50%

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9
Q

What is the angle of the SIJ in the horse and dog respectively?

A

65 degrees
20 degrees

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10
Q

What type of joint is the pubis?

A

Cartilaginous

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11
Q

How many joint surfaces are there at the lumbosacral junction in a horse and dog respectively?

A

E: 5
D: 3

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12
Q

What motion is very well stabilised against at the lumbosacral junction?

A

Lateral flexion and axial rotation

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13
Q

How does the dogs lumbosaral junction differ? Why?

A

More open vs. horse due to no inter transverse joints and less sagital facet orientation

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14
Q

What happens to the right tuber sacrale if the left sacral base goes venture-cranial?

A

Ventro-cranial

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15
Q

What happens to the sacral apex if the right tuber sacrale goes ventro-cranial?

A

Goes to the right

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16
Q

What happens to the right tuber sacral if the left sacral base goes dorso-caudal?

A

Dorso-caudal

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17
Q

What pelvic misalignment will create a short leg & long leg respectively? What will this cause?

A

Short leg = PI = Short stride

Long leg = AS = Long stride

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18
Q

What four things need to happen in order for a stimulus of pain?

A

A stimulus

Stimulation of receptor

Transmission of signal to CNS

Translation of signal into sensation

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19
Q

Define the difference between perception and nociception

A

Perception = Awareness of sensation

Nociception = Consciousness of pain

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20
Q

What is the main tract for transmission of mechanoreceptor input?

A

Dorsal tract

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21
Q

What is the second big spinal tract that transmits sensory input?

A

Spinothalamic tract

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22
Q

Why is pain not a good indicator of where the dysfunction is?

A

Because fibres move up or down a few levels in the spinal cord before crossing over and ascending up to the thalamus

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23
Q

The spinothalamic tract is divided into lateral and anterior tracts. What information is carried within each?

A

Lateral = temperature and pain

Anterior = pressure and crude touch

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24
Q

Name four mediators for pain in the body

A

Bradykinin
Prostaglandins
Substance P
Histamine
low pH

25
What nerve fibres are active with acute and chronic pain respectively?
Acute = Type III Chronic = Type IV -Unmyelinated
26
The cause of pain can be due to what two things?
Visceral Somatic
27
In what two ways can the CNS modulate pain?
Pain inhibiting substances (i.e. norepinephrine and epinephrine) Descending pain modulating pathways
28
How does chronic pain come about?
Sensitisation or facilitation of pain pathways - Plasticity of pain pathways
29
What is meant by peripheral and central sensitisation respectively in chronic pain?
Peripheral Sensitisation = Threshold of nociceptors is reduced which leads to easier excitation Central Sensitisation = Decreased threshold of pain transmitting neurons IN spinal cord and brain
30
What is meant by dysafferenation? What works against it?
Mechanoreceptive input decreased. Nociceptive input increased Chiropractic
31
In what three ways does chiropractic work against dysafferentation?
Mechanical influence (breaking apart adhesions - movement optimised) Neurological influence (Receptor homeostasis restored) Emotional influence (Relaxation)
32
How many spinal nerve pairs does a horse and dog have respectively?
Horse: 42 Dog: 36
33
What nerve roots form the lumbosacral plexus in the horse and dog respectively?
E: L4-S4 C: L4-S3
34
At what level does the spinal cord terminate in a horse and dog respectively?
E: S2 C: L6/7
35
Draw the lumbosacral plexus for the horse and dog
.
36
What is the classical way of localising nervous lesions?
Reflexes
37
Clinically what differentiates between UMN and LMN problems?
UMN = Hypertonic muscles LMN = Flacid muscles
38
What ultimately does conformation show in a horse?
the Neurological-muscular function of the horse
39
Normally a plumb line dropped from the tuber spine on the spine of the scapula should fall where?
Should equally divide the leg to the ankle hitting the ground juste hind the heel of the hoof
40
The front legs are said to carry what percentage of the weight? What does this mean for injuries?
65%; more prone to injury versus the hind end
41
List four interferences seen in a gait analysis
Scalping: toe of forefoot hits pastern of hind limb on same side Cross-firing: Inside toe of hindfoot and inside of contralateral forefoot contact Forging: Toe of hind foot hits bottom of forefoot (Sole of hoof) on same side Over-reaching: Pulling of front shoe
42
Define Lameness
Indication of structural or functional problems that show up in one or more legs
43
What is the best gait to assess for a chiro exam in a horse?
Walk
44
What gait is best to assess lameness in a horse?
Trot
45
What three symptoms do you look for when assessing lameness in a trot?
Head bob - head bobs down on the sound front leg Hip hiking Stride length
46
What beat gait is a walk, trot, canter, gallop respectively?
4 beat 2 beat 3 beat 4 beat
47
What is the danger of home exercises for rehab?
Owners always think more is better
48
The body of the lowest moveable vertebra always rotates to what side according to Logan Basic?
Low side of the sacrum
49
What is the most important segmental contact point in Logan Basic
Sacral apex
50
What findings will you find with a short hind leg?
PI Ilium Leg moves in outward arc Tight Hamstrings Stifle problems
51
What findings will you find with a long hind leg?
AS ilium Leg moves in an inward arc Tight gluteus Throws rider forward / Hock problems
52
What findings will you find with a short front leg?
Lateral scapula Leg moves in inward arc Throw rider forward Knee problems; suspensory or bow tendon problems
53
What findings will you find with a long front leg?
Medial scapula Leg moves in outward arc Hold leg out and cranial Splint problems / concussion problems
54
What is important to differentiate between when assessing dysfunction in the horse? why?
Leg lameness and back problems; Can make it worst if you adjust a lame horse
55
What determines the position of the body?
Neuromotor function Its dynamic, NOT STATIC
56
What should you address first with rehab, dysafferentation, or strengthening of muscles to support?
Dysafferentation
57
What muscle extends the stifle? What’s it’s nerve supply?
Quadriceps; Femoral nerve L4-6
58
What muscle add it’s the hind limb? What’s it’s nerve supply?
Adductors (Gracilis / Pectineus) Obturator nerve L4-S1
59
What muscle extends the hip and flexes the stifle? What’s it’s nerve supply?
Hamstrings; sciatic N; L6-S2

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