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Backbone Academy > Sacropelvic Theory > Flashcards

Sacropelvic Theory Flashcards

1
Q

How many individual bones prior to fusion make up the Pelvis?

A

3:
Os Ilium
Os Pubis
Os Ischium

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2
Q

What are the two bony protuberances you can feel in the pelvis?

A

Tuber sacrale (PSIS)
Tuber Coax (ASIS)

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3
Q

What is the ossification time period for the primary centres of the pelvis in a horse and dog respectively? When is the secondary ossification completed in both?

A

E: 10-12months; 4-5 years
C: 3-5 months; 2 years

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4
Q

How many vertebrae fuse to make the sacrum in the horse and dog respectively?

A

E: 5
C: 3

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5
Q

What shape if the SIJ?

A

Trochoid (L-Shapd)

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6
Q

What three joint components make up the SIJ?

A

Cartilaginous joint part
Synovial joint part
Fibrous joint part

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7
Q

How many joint surfaces are there in the pelvis and sacrum in a horse?

A

11

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8
Q

The sacrum makes up what percentage of chiropractic in the horse?

A

50%

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9
Q

What is the angle of the SIJ in the horse and dog respectively?

A

65 degrees
20 degrees

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10
Q

What type of joint is the pubis?

A

Cartilaginous

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11
Q

How many joint surfaces are there at the lumbosacral junction in a horse and dog respectively?

A

E: 5
D: 3

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12
Q

What motion is very well stabilised against at the lumbosacral junction?

A

Lateral flexion and axial rotation

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13
Q

How does the dogs lumbosaral junction differ? Why?

A

More open vs. horse due to no inter transverse joints and less sagital facet orientation

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14
Q

What happens to the right tuber sacrale if the left sacral base goes venture-cranial?

A

Ventro-cranial

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15
Q

What happens to the sacral apex if the right tuber sacrale goes ventro-cranial?

A

Goes to the right

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16
Q

What happens to the right tuber sacral if the left sacral base goes dorso-caudal?

A

Dorso-caudal

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17
Q

What pelvic misalignment will create a short leg & long leg respectively? What will this cause?

A

Short leg = PI = Short stride

Long leg = AS = Long stride

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18
Q

What four things need to happen in order for a stimulus of pain?

A

A stimulus

Stimulation of receptor

Transmission of signal to CNS

Translation of signal into sensation

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19
Q

Define the difference between perception and nociception

A

Perception = Awareness of sensation

Nociception = Consciousness of pain

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20
Q

What is the main tract for transmission of mechanoreceptor input?

A

Dorsal tract

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21
Q

What is the second big spinal tract that transmits sensory input?

A

Spinothalamic tract

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22
Q

Why is pain not a good indicator of where the dysfunction is?

A

Because fibres move up or down a few levels in the spinal cord before crossing over and ascending up to the thalamus

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23
Q

The spinothalamic tract is divided into lateral and anterior tracts. What information is carried within each?

A

Lateral = temperature and pain

Anterior = pressure and crude touch

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24
Q

Name four mediators for pain in the body

A

Bradykinin
Prostaglandins
Substance P
Histamine
low pH

25
Q

What nerve fibres are active with acute and chronic pain respectively?

A

Acute = Type III

Chronic = Type IV -Unmyelinated

26
Q

The cause of pain can be due to what two things?

A

Visceral

Somatic

27
Q

In what two ways can the CNS modulate pain?

A

Pain inhibiting substances (i.e. norepinephrine and epinephrine)

Descending pain modulating pathways

28
Q

How does chronic pain come about?

A

Sensitisation or facilitation of pain pathways

  • Plasticity of pain pathways
29
Q

What is meant by peripheral and central sensitisation respectively in chronic pain?

A

Peripheral Sensitisation = Threshold of nociceptors is reduced which leads to easier excitation

Central Sensitisation = Decreased threshold of pain transmitting neurons IN spinal cord and brain

30
Q

What is meant by dysafferenation? What works against it?

A

Mechanoreceptive input decreased. Nociceptive input increased

Chiropractic

31
Q

In what three ways does chiropractic work against dysafferentation?

A

Mechanical influence (breaking apart adhesions - movement optimised)

Neurological influence (Receptor homeostasis restored)

Emotional influence (Relaxation)

32
Q

How many spinal nerve pairs does a horse and dog have respectively?

A

Horse: 42
Dog: 36

33
Q

What nerve roots form the lumbosacral plexus in the horse and dog respectively?

A

E: L4-S4

C: L4-S3

34
Q

At what level does the spinal cord terminate in a horse and dog respectively?

A

E: S2

C: L6/7

35
Q

Draw the lumbosacral plexus for the horse and dog

A

.

36
Q

What is the classical way of localising nervous lesions?

A

Reflexes

37
Q

Clinically what differentiates between UMN and LMN problems?

A

UMN = Hypertonic muscles

LMN = Flacid muscles

38
Q

What ultimately does conformation show in a horse?

A

the Neurological-muscular function of the horse

39
Q

Normally a plumb line dropped from the tuber spine on the spine of the scapula should fall where?

A

Should equally divide the leg to the ankle hitting the ground juste hind the heel of the hoof

40
Q

The front legs are said to carry what percentage of the weight? What does this mean for injuries?

A

65%; more prone to injury versus the hind end

41
Q

List four interferences seen in a gait analysis

A

Scalping: toe of forefoot hits pastern of hind limb on same side

Cross-firing: Inside toe of hindfoot and inside of contralateral forefoot contact

Forging: Toe of hind foot hits bottom of forefoot (Sole of hoof) on same side

Over-reaching: Pulling of front shoe

42
Q

Define Lameness

A

Indication of structural or functional problems that show up in one or more legs

43
Q

What is the best gait to assess for a chiro exam in a horse?

A

Walk

44
Q

What gait is best to assess lameness in a horse?

A

Trot

45
Q

What three symptoms do you look for when assessing lameness in a trot?

A

Head bob - head bobs down on the sound front leg

Hip hiking

Stride length

46
Q

What beat gait is a walk, trot, canter, gallop respectively?

A

4 beat
2 beat
3 beat
4 beat

47
Q

What is the danger of home exercises for rehab?

A

Owners always think more is better

48
Q

The body of the lowest moveable vertebra always rotates to what side according to Logan Basic?

A

Low side of the sacrum

49
Q

What is the most important segmental contact point in Logan Basic

A

Sacral apex

50
Q

What findings will you find with a short hind leg?

A

PI Ilium
Leg moves in outward arc
Tight Hamstrings
Stifle problems

51
Q

What findings will you find with a long hind leg?

A

AS ilium
Leg moves in an inward arc
Tight gluteus
Throws rider forward / Hock problems

52
Q

What findings will you find with a short front leg?

A

Lateral scapula
Leg moves in inward arc
Throw rider forward
Knee problems; suspensory or bow tendon problems

53
Q

What findings will you find with a long front leg?

A

Medial scapula
Leg moves in outward arc
Hold leg out and cranial
Splint problems / concussion problems

54
Q

What is important to differentiate between when assessing dysfunction in the horse? why?

A

Leg lameness and back problems; Can make it worst if you adjust a lame horse

55
Q

What determines the position of the body?

A

Neuromotor function

Its dynamic, NOT STATIC

56
Q

What should you address first with rehab, dysafferentation, or strengthening of muscles to support?

A

Dysafferentation

57
Q

What muscle extends the stifle? What’s it’s nerve supply?

A

Quadriceps; Femoral nerve L4-6

58
Q

What muscle add it’s the hind limb? What’s it’s nerve supply?

A

Adductors (Gracilis / Pectineus)
Obturator nerve L4-S1

59
Q

What muscle extends the hip and flexes the stifle? What’s it’s nerve supply?

A

Hamstrings; sciatic N; L6-S2

Backbone Academy (15 decks)

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