Sacropelvic Theory Flashcards
How many individual bones prior to fusion make up the Pelvis?
3:
Os Ilium
Os Pubis
Os Ischium
What are the two bony protuberances you can feel in the pelvis?
Tuber sacrale (PSIS)
Tuber Coax (ASIS)
What is the ossification time period for the primary centres of the pelvis in a horse and dog respectively? When is the secondary ossification completed in both?
E: 10-12months; 4-5 years
C: 3-5 months; 2 years
How many vertebrae fuse to make the sacrum in the horse and dog respectively?
E: 5
C: 3
What shape if the SIJ?
Trochoid (L-Shapd)
What three joint components make up the SIJ?
Cartilaginous joint part
Synovial joint part
Fibrous joint part
How many joint surfaces are there in the pelvis and sacrum in a horse?
11
The sacrum makes up what percentage of chiropractic in the horse?
50%
What is the angle of the SIJ in the horse and dog respectively?
65 degrees
20 degrees
What type of joint is the pubis?
Cartilaginous
How many joint surfaces are there at the lumbosacral junction in a horse and dog respectively?
E: 5
D: 3
What motion is very well stabilised against at the lumbosacral junction?
Lateral flexion and axial rotation
How does the dogs lumbosaral junction differ? Why?
More open vs. horse due to no inter transverse joints and less sagital facet orientation
What happens to the right tuber sacrale if the left sacral base goes venture-cranial?
Ventro-cranial
What happens to the sacral apex if the right tuber sacrale goes ventro-cranial?
Goes to the right
What happens to the right tuber sacral if the left sacral base goes dorso-caudal?
Dorso-caudal
What pelvic misalignment will create a short leg & long leg respectively? What will this cause?
Short leg = PI = Short stride
Long leg = AS = Long stride
What four things need to happen in order for a stimulus of pain?
A stimulus
Stimulation of receptor
Transmission of signal to CNS
Translation of signal into sensation
Define the difference between perception and nociception
Perception = Awareness of sensation
Nociception = Consciousness of pain
What is the main tract for transmission of mechanoreceptor input?
Dorsal tract
What is the second big spinal tract that transmits sensory input?
Spinothalamic tract
Why is pain not a good indicator of where the dysfunction is?
Because fibres move up or down a few levels in the spinal cord before crossing over and ascending up to the thalamus
The spinothalamic tract is divided into lateral and anterior tracts. What information is carried within each?
Lateral = temperature and pain
Anterior = pressure and crude touch
Name four mediators for pain in the body
Bradykinin
Prostaglandins
Substance P
Histamine
low pH
What nerve fibres are active with acute and chronic pain respectively?
Acute = Type III
Chronic = Type IV -Unmyelinated
The cause of pain can be due to what two things?
Visceral
Somatic
In what two ways can the CNS modulate pain?
Pain inhibiting substances (i.e. norepinephrine and epinephrine)
Descending pain modulating pathways
How does chronic pain come about?
Sensitisation or facilitation of pain pathways
- Plasticity of pain pathways
What is meant by peripheral and central sensitisation respectively in chronic pain?
Peripheral Sensitisation = Threshold of nociceptors is reduced which leads to easier excitation
Central Sensitisation = Decreased threshold of pain transmitting neurons IN spinal cord and brain
What is meant by dysafferenation? What works against it?
Mechanoreceptive input decreased. Nociceptive input increased
Chiropractic
In what three ways does chiropractic work against dysafferentation?
Mechanical influence (breaking apart adhesions - movement optimised)
Neurological influence (Receptor homeostasis restored)
Emotional influence (Relaxation)
How many spinal nerve pairs does a horse and dog have respectively?
Horse: 42
Dog: 36
What nerve roots form the lumbosacral plexus in the horse and dog respectively?
E: L4-S4
C: L4-S3
At what level does the spinal cord terminate in a horse and dog respectively?
E: S2
C: L6/7
Draw the lumbosacral plexus for the horse and dog
.
What is the classical way of localising nervous lesions?
Reflexes
Clinically what differentiates between UMN and LMN problems?
UMN = Hypertonic muscles
LMN = Flacid muscles
What ultimately does conformation show in a horse?
the Neurological-muscular function of the horse
Normally a plumb line dropped from the tuber spine on the spine of the scapula should fall where?
Should equally divide the leg to the ankle hitting the ground juste hind the heel of the hoof
The front legs are said to carry what percentage of the weight? What does this mean for injuries?
65%; more prone to injury versus the hind end
List four interferences seen in a gait analysis
Scalping: toe of forefoot hits pastern of hind limb on same side
Cross-firing: Inside toe of hindfoot and inside of contralateral forefoot contact
Forging: Toe of hind foot hits bottom of forefoot (Sole of hoof) on same side
Over-reaching: Pulling of front shoe
Define Lameness
Indication of structural or functional problems that show up in one or more legs
What is the best gait to assess for a chiro exam in a horse?
Walk
What gait is best to assess lameness in a horse?
Trot
What three symptoms do you look for when assessing lameness in a trot?
Head bob - head bobs down on the sound front leg
Hip hiking
Stride length
What beat gait is a walk, trot, canter, gallop respectively?
4 beat
2 beat
3 beat
4 beat
What is the danger of home exercises for rehab?
Owners always think more is better
The body of the lowest moveable vertebra always rotates to what side according to Logan Basic?
Low side of the sacrum
What is the most important segmental contact point in Logan Basic
Sacral apex
What findings will you find with a short hind leg?
PI Ilium
Leg moves in outward arc
Tight Hamstrings
Stifle problems
What findings will you find with a long hind leg?
AS ilium
Leg moves in an inward arc
Tight gluteus
Throws rider forward / Hock problems
What findings will you find with a short front leg?
Lateral scapula
Leg moves in inward arc
Throw rider forward
Knee problems; suspensory or bow tendon problems
What findings will you find with a long front leg?
Medial scapula
Leg moves in outward arc
Hold leg out and cranial
Splint problems / concussion problems
What is important to differentiate between when assessing dysfunction in the horse? why?
Leg lameness and back problems; Can make it worst if you adjust a lame horse
What determines the position of the body?
Neuromotor function
Its dynamic, NOT STATIC
What should you address first with rehab, dysafferentation, or strengthening of muscles to support?
Dysafferentation
What muscle extends the stifle? What’s it’s nerve supply?
Quadriceps; Femoral nerve L4-6
What muscle add it’s the hind limb? What’s it’s nerve supply?
Adductors (Gracilis / Pectineus)
Obturator nerve L4-S1
What muscle extends the hip and flexes the stifle? What’s it’s nerve supply?
Hamstrings; sciatic N; L6-S2
