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Backbone Academy > Extremity Theory > Flashcards

Extremity Theory Flashcards

1
Q

What differs in the lower forearm of the horse and dog?

A

Fused in a horse
Move separately in a dog

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2
Q

What is a palpable protuberance of the Ulna? Where is it found

A

Olecranon; Caudal proximal aspect of forearm

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3
Q

How many bones make up the carpus? Describe

A

7 bones in two rows

Radial and ulna carpal bone
Carpal bones I to IV

In the horse = extra carpal bone = accessory carpal

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4
Q

What can be different in the arrangement of the carpal bones for the horse?

A

first carpal bone can be absent 50% of the time

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5
Q

Where are the most obvious differences found between dogs and horses in the lower front limbs?

A

Between the metacarpals and the phalanges

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6
Q

What is the strongest metacarpal bone in the horse? What is it AKA?

A

Metacarpal 3; Cannon bone

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7
Q

What is the fourth metacarpal called in a horse?

A

Splint bone

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8
Q

What metacarpals have been evolutionary wiped off in a horse?

A

I and V

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9
Q

How many phalanx bones does a horse have?

A

P1 = Long pastern
P2 = Short pastern
P3 = Coffin

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10
Q

How many metacarpals and phalanges does a dog have respectively?

A

5; 5

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11
Q

What is the first bony protuberance in the hind limb?

A

Trochanter of the femur

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12
Q

What bones are apart of the stifle joint?

A

Femur and Tibia

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13
Q

How many tarsal bones are there? Describe

A

7; three rows
Talus / Calcaneus
Central tarsal bone
Tarsal bones I to IV

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14
Q

List four extensor muscles of the shoulder joint and their nerve supply

A

Brachiocephalic (CNXI)
Biceps (Musculocutaneous)
Supraspinatus (Suprascapularis)
Subscapular (Subscapularis)

BIG BULKY SEXY SHOULDERS

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15
Q

List four flexor muscles of the shoulder joint and their nerve supply

A

Latissimus D (Thoracodorsalis)
Infraspinatus (Suprascapularis)
Deltoid (Axillary)
Terese maj/min (Axillary)
Triceps (Radial)

TTIDL

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16
Q

Name the extensor muscle of the elbow joint and its nerve supply

A

Triceps; Radial

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17
Q

Name three flexors of the elbow joint and their nerve supply

A

Biceps (Músculo)
Brachialis (Músculo)
Ext. Carp. Rad (Radial)

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18
Q

Name three extensors of the distal font leg and their nerve supply

A

Ext Carp Rad (Radial)
Ext Dig Communis (Radial)
Extensor Dig Lat (Radial)

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19
Q

Name three flexors of the distal font leg and their nerve supply

A

Flex Carp Rad (Median)
Ext Carp Ul (Ulna)
Flex Dig Sup (Ulna)

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20
Q

Name four extensors of the hip joint and their nerve supply

A

Gluteus Med (Gluteus Cr)
Semimem (Sciatic)
Semitend (Sciatic
Biceps Fem (Sciatic)

GORGEOUS SEXY BUM

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21
Q

Name two flexors of the hip joint and their nerve supply

A

Gluteus Su (Gluteal Cd)
TFL (Gluteus Cr)
Quads (Femoral)

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22
Q

Name two extensors of the stifle joint and their nerve supply

A

Quads (Femoral)
TFL (Gluteus Cr)

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23
Q

Name four flexors of the stifle joint and their nerve supply

A

Semitend (Sciatic)
Biceps Fem (Sciatic)
Popliteus (Tibial)
Gastroc (Tibial)

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24
Q

Name three extensors of the hock and flexors of the distal rear leg and their nerve supply

A

Gastroc (Tibial)
Flex Dig Surf (Tibial)
Flexor Dog Prof (Tibial)

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25
Q

Name two flexors of the hock and extensors of the distal rear leg and their nerve supply

A

Tibialis (peroneus)
Ext Dig Long (Peroneus)

26
Q

What is the motion of a joint determined by mainly?

A

Form and size of joint surfaces

27
Q

What type of joint is the scapulothoracic joint?

A

Gliding joint

28
Q

What type of joint is the shoulder joint? what is its angle range

A

Spheroidal; 80 (EXT) - 145 (FLEX)

29
Q

What type of joint is the elbow joint? what is its angle range

A

Hinge joint; 55-60 degrees

30
Q

What type of joint is the fetlock joint? what is its angle range

A

Horse; Hinge joint; 140 degrees
Dog: Saddle joint

31
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint? what is its angle range

A

Spheroidal; 60 degrees in flex and ext

32
Q

What two joints make up the stifle joint? What is the joint angle when standing?

A

Femorotibial joint

Femoropatellar joint

150 degrees

33
Q

What are the two basic hoof balance parameters?

A

Medio-lateral balance
Anterior-posterior balance

34
Q

List five external markers for hoof balance

A

Changes in postural balance
Changes in gait
Subluxation patterns
Myofascial tension patterns
Dysafferentation results

35
Q

What can happen physiologically with incorrect mediolateral hoof balance?

A

Hoof falls to short side - compromised blood and nerve supply - less nutrition and aberrant proprioceptive input

36
Q

What happens to the DDFT with a lack of mediolateral hoof balance?

A

Gets pulled to the low side of the hoof

37
Q

List four main causes for orthopaedic imbalances

A

Poor podiatry
Trimming intervals too long
Problems with upper body
Environment

38
Q

What is a good trimming interval?

A

5 weeks

39
Q

Is the stay apparatus a complete passive system?

A

Almost!

40
Q

What muscles holds the shoulder blades to the trunk?

A

Serratus

41
Q

What action in the stifle joint takes place to allow for the stay apparatus to function? describe

A

Patellar fixation synchronised with the tarsal joint by the bucksaw construction

42
Q

Stifle stabilization is mainly achieved by what?

A

Muscle tone of the Quadriceps femoris

43
Q

What’s the first important step of a neurological exam?

A

Take a good history

44
Q

Behaviour of an animal in the normal environment can be divided up into what four categories?

A

Mentation (Alert / depressed )
Posture
Gait
Behaviour

45
Q

What tests can you do to check the cranial nerves?

A

CN
1: smell a treat
II: Short menacing gesture at each eye to provoke a blink
III: Eye position
IV: Eye position
V: Eye pos
IV: Blink response - medial cantos
VI: Eye movement
VII: Symmetry of facial muscles
VIII: Clap
IX: Gag
X: Gag
XI: Tone of traps and brachioceph
XII: Tongue movement

46
Q

Draw the brachial and lumbosacral plexus

A
47
Q

Where is the possible location of a lesion if there are:
LMN symptoms in rear / front normal?

A

Area b/w L4-S3 (Lumbosacral plexus)

48
Q

Where is the possible location of a lesion if there are:
UMN symptoms in rear / normal reflexes front?

A

Area T3 - L3 (Behind brachial plexus but before lumbosacral plexus)

49
Q

Where is the possible location of a lesion if there are:
LMN symptoms in front / UMN symptoms rear?

A

Area C6-T2 (Brachial plexus)

50
Q

Where is the possible location of a lesion if there are:
UMN symptoms front and rear / ataxia / mentation + cranial nerves normal

A

Area b/w C1-5

51
Q

Where is the possible location of a lesion if there are:
UMN symptoms front and rear / ataxia / mentation bad / cranial nerve problems

A

Lesion above foramen magnum

52
Q

Define lameness

A

Structural or functional problems in one or more limbs

53
Q

What is important to differentiate when assessing lameness?

A

Is it primary or secondary

54
Q

Are dogs diagnosed with proximal or distal joint problems more often?

A

Proximal

55
Q

UMN problems will create laxity or hypertonicity?

A

Hypertonicity

56
Q

When is hip dysplasia in dogs a problem? what is a risk?

A

If it is allowed to progress - Progressive DJD risk

57
Q

What condition is possible if a dog comes in to your office with leg lifted up and doesn’t won’t to walk on it?

A

Avascular necrosis of femoral head

58
Q

When are cruciate ligaments a high risk in a dog?

A

Older - middle aged dogs

59
Q

What percentage of the stability of a joint comes from the muscles, tendons and ligaments crossing it?

A

80%

60
Q

Where are problems mostly found with the limbs of a dog and a horse respectively?

A

D: Proximal
H: Distal

Backbone Academy (15 decks)

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