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Extremity Theory Flashcards

1
Q

What differs in the lower forearm of the horse and dog?

A

Fused in a horse
Move separately in a dog

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2
Q

What is a palpable protuberance of the Ulna? Where is it found

A

Olecranon; Caudal proximal aspect of forearm

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3
Q

How many bones make up the carpus? Describe

A

7 bones in two rows

Radial and ulna carpal bone
Carpal bones I to IV

In the horse = extra carpal bone = accessory carpal

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4
Q

What can be different in the arrangement of the carpal bones for the horse?

A

first carpal bone can be absent 50% of the time

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5
Q

Where are the most obvious differences found between dogs and horses in the lower front limbs?

A

Between the metacarpals and the phalanges

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6
Q

What is the strongest metacarpal bone in the horse? What is it AKA?

A

Metacarpal 3; Cannon bone

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7
Q

What is the fourth metacarpal called in a horse?

A

Splint bone

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8
Q

What metacarpals have been evolutionary wiped off in a horse?

A

I and V

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9
Q

How many phalanx bones does a horse have?

A

P1 = Long pastern
P2 = Short pastern
P3 = Coffin

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10
Q

How many metacarpals and phalanges does a dog have respectively?

A

5; 5

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11
Q

What is the first bony protuberance in the hind limb?

A

Trochanter of the femur

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12
Q

What bones are apart of the stifle joint?

A

Femur and Tibia

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13
Q

How many tarsal bones are there? Describe

A

7; three rows
Talus / Calcaneus
Central tarsal bone
Tarsal bones I to IV

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14
Q

List four extensor muscles of the shoulder joint and their nerve supply

A

Brachiocephalic (CNXI)
Biceps (Musculocutaneous)
Supraspinatus (Suprascapularis)
Subscapular (Subscapularis)

BIG BULKY SEXY SHOULDERS

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15
Q

List four flexor muscles of the shoulder joint and their nerve supply

A

Latissimus D (Thoracodorsalis)
Infraspinatus (Suprascapularis)
Deltoid (Axillary)
Terese maj/min (Axillary)
Triceps (Radial)

TTIDL

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16
Q

Name the extensor muscle of the elbow joint and its nerve supply

A

Triceps; Radial

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17
Q

Name three flexors of the elbow joint and their nerve supply

A

Biceps (Músculo)
Brachialis (Músculo)
Ext. Carp. Rad (Radial)

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18
Q

Name three extensors of the distal font leg and their nerve supply

A

Ext Carp Rad (Radial)
Ext Dig Communis (Radial)
Extensor Dig Lat (Radial)

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19
Q

Name three flexors of the distal font leg and their nerve supply

A

Flex Carp Rad (Median)
Ext Carp Ul (Ulna)
Flex Dig Sup (Ulna)

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20
Q

Name four extensors of the hip joint and their nerve supply

A

Gluteus Med (Gluteus Cr)
Semimem (Sciatic)
Semitend (Sciatic
Biceps Fem (Sciatic)

GORGEOUS SEXY BUM

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21
Q

Name two flexors of the hip joint and their nerve supply

A

Gluteus Su (Gluteal Cd)
TFL (Gluteus Cr)
Quads (Femoral)

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22
Q

Name two extensors of the stifle joint and their nerve supply

A

Quads (Femoral)
TFL (Gluteus Cr)

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23
Q

Name four flexors of the stifle joint and their nerve supply

A

Semitend (Sciatic)
Biceps Fem (Sciatic)
Popliteus (Tibial)
Gastroc (Tibial)

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24
Q

Name three extensors of the hock and flexors of the distal rear leg and their nerve supply

A

Gastroc (Tibial)
Flex Dig Surf (Tibial)
Flexor Dog Prof (Tibial)

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25
Name two flexors of the hock and extensors of the distal rear leg and their nerve supply
Tibialis (peroneus) Ext Dig Long (Peroneus)
26
What is the motion of a joint determined by mainly?
Form and size of joint surfaces
27
What type of joint is the scapulothoracic joint?
Gliding joint
28
What type of joint is the shoulder joint? what is its angle range
Spheroidal; 80 (EXT) - 145 (FLEX)
29
What type of joint is the elbow joint? what is its angle range
Hinge joint; 55-60 degrees
30
What type of joint is the fetlock joint? what is its angle range
Horse; Hinge joint; 140 degrees Dog: Saddle joint
31
What type of joint is the hip joint? what is its angle range
Spheroidal; 60 degrees in flex and ext
32
What two joints make up the stifle joint? What is the joint angle when standing?
Femorotibial joint Femoropatellar joint 150 degrees
33
What are the two basic hoof balance parameters?
Medio-lateral balance Anterior-posterior balance
34
List five external markers for hoof balance
Changes in postural balance Changes in gait Subluxation patterns Myofascial tension patterns Dysafferentation results
35
What can happen physiologically with incorrect mediolateral hoof balance?
Hoof falls to short side - compromised blood and nerve supply - less nutrition and aberrant proprioceptive input
36
What happens to the DDFT with a lack of mediolateral hoof balance?
Gets pulled to the low side of the hoof
37
List four main causes for orthopaedic imbalances
Poor podiatry Trimming intervals too long Problems with upper body Environment
38
What is a good trimming interval?
5 weeks
39
Is the stay apparatus a complete passive system?
Almost!
40
What muscles holds the shoulder blades to the trunk?
Serratus
41
What action in the stifle joint takes place to allow for the stay apparatus to function? describe
Patellar fixation synchronised with the tarsal joint by the bucksaw construction
42
Stifle stabilization is mainly achieved by what?
Muscle tone of the Quadriceps femoris
43
What's the first important step of a neurological exam?
Take a good history
44
Behaviour of an animal in the normal environment can be divided up into what four categories?
Mentation (Alert / depressed ) Posture Gait Behaviour
45
What tests can you do to check the cranial nerves?
CN 1: smell a treat II: Short menacing gesture at each eye to provoke a blink III: Eye position IV: Eye position V: Eye pos IV: Blink response - medial cantos VI: Eye movement VII: Symmetry of facial muscles VIII: Clap IX: Gag X: Gag XI: Tone of traps and brachioceph XII: Tongue movement
46
Draw the brachial and lumbosacral plexus
47
Where is the possible location of a lesion if there are: LMN symptoms in rear / front normal?
Area b/w L4-S3 (Lumbosacral plexus)
48
Where is the possible location of a lesion if there are: UMN symptoms in rear / normal reflexes front?
Area T3 - L3 (Behind brachial plexus but before lumbosacral plexus)
49
Where is the possible location of a lesion if there are: LMN symptoms in front / UMN symptoms rear?
Area C6-T2 (Brachial plexus)
50
Where is the possible location of a lesion if there are: UMN symptoms front and rear / ataxia / mentation + cranial nerves normal
Area b/w C1-5
51
Where is the possible location of a lesion if there are: UMN symptoms front and rear / ataxia / mentation bad / cranial nerve problems
Lesion above foramen magnum
52
Define lameness
Structural or functional problems in one or more limbs
53
What is important to differentiate when assessing lameness?
Is it primary or secondary
54
Are dogs diagnosed with proximal or distal joint problems more often?
Proximal
55
UMN problems will create laxity or hypertonicity?
Hypertonicity
56
When is hip dysplasia in dogs a problem? what is a risk?
If it is allowed to progress - Progressive DJD risk
57
What condition is possible if a dog comes in to your office with leg lifted up and doesn't won't to walk on it?
Avascular necrosis of femoral head
58
When are cruciate ligaments a high risk in a dog?
Older - middle aged dogs
59
What percentage of the stability of a joint comes from the muscles, tendons and ligaments crossing it?
80%
60
Where are problems mostly found with the limbs of a dog and a horse respectively?
D: Proximal H: Distal

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