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Psychology > SAC 4 - Unit 4 - Mental Health > Flashcards

SAC 4 - Unit 4 - Mental Health Flashcards

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1
Q

mental health definition

A

the psychological state of someone who is functioning at a satisfactory level of emotional and behavioural adjustment

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2
Q

mental disorder definition

A

the psychological state of someone who has emotional or behavioural problems serious enough to require psychiatric intervention; AKA mental illness

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3
Q

mental health problems definition

A

a disruption to an individuals usual level of social and emotional wellbeing, including when their abilities are negatively affected

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4
Q

biopsychosocial risk factors

A

biology
psychological
social

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5
Q

Biological risk factors

A
  • genetic vulnerability
  • poor sleep
  • response to medication
  • substance use
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6
Q

social risk factors

A
  • losing a close family member or friend
  • social isolation
  • disorganised attachment (lack of trusting bond)
  • stigma
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7
Q

psychological risk factors

A
  • stressors
  • rumination
  • impaired reasoning
  • low self efficacy
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8
Q

what are the 4 p risk and preventative factors

A

risk factors

  • predisposing
  • precipitating
  • perpetuating

preventative
-protective

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9
Q

Predisposing

A

increased chance

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10
Q

Precipitating

A

trigger

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11
Q

perpetuating

A

prolong or continue

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12
Q

protective

A

reduce chance

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13
Q

predisposing - biological

A
  • genetics

- gaba dysfunction

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14
Q

predisposing - psychological

A

-poor self efficacy

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15
Q

predisposing - social

A
  • social isolation

- disorganised attachement

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16
Q

Precipitating - biological

A
  • poor sleep

- stress reposes

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17
Q

Precipitating - psychological

A
  • stress
  • grief
  • impaired reasoning
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18
Q

Precipitating - social

A
  • loss of job
  • loss of significant relationship
  • environmental trigger
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19
Q

perpetuating - biological

A
  • substance use/abuse
  • poor sleep
  • poor response to medication
  • LTP (pathways strengthened)
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20
Q

perpetuating - psychological

A
  • poor self efficacy
  • rumination
  • impaired reasoning
  • cognitive bias
  • operant conditioning
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21
Q

perpetuating - social

A

-stigma

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22
Q

which internal factors is mental health affected by

A
  • hormones and neurotrasmitter levels
  • neurological dysfunction
  • genetics
  • rumination
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23
Q

which external factors is mental health affected by

A
  • social environment
  • trauma
  • daily pressures
  • eating
  • sleep
  • exercise
24
Q

what is rumination

A

thinking the same thought repetitively

25
Q

biopsychosocial model phobia risk factors - biological

A
  • gaba dysfunction
  • stress response
  • LTP
26
Q

biopsychosocial model phobia risk factors - psychological

A

learning

  • operant conditioning
  • classical conditioning

cognative bias

  • memory bias
  • catastrophic thinking
27
Q

biopsychosocial model phobia risk factors - social

A
  • environmental triggers

- stigma

28
Q

stress

A

state of mental or physical tension that occurs when an individual must adjust or adapt to their environment but they fo not feel they have the capacity to do so

29
Q

phobia

A

an intense, persistent and irrational fear of an object, thing or situation

30
Q

anxiety

A

feelings of apprehension, dread or uneasiness and is a response to an unclear or ambiguous threat

31
Q

compare phobia and anxiety

A
  • both biased on fear that activates the sympathetic nervous system
  • both release cortisol
  • anxieties cause can be unknown but the stimulus for a phobia is known
  • the fear in anxiety is more rational and phobia is more irrational therefore anxiety is a potential threat
32
Q

what is a placebo effect

A

changes in behaviour caused by the participants belief that they have been exposed to a treatment that will effect them in some way

33
Q

placebo

A

a fake treatment that has no active effect such as a fake pill or injection

34
Q

contributing biological factors

A
  • GABA dysfunction - without inhibition, excitatory neurotransmitters highten arousal
  • stress response - can be activated by a perceived threat or impending harm at the sight or thought of a phobic stimulus
  • behavioural models - specific phobias can be learnt through classical conditioning and maintained with observant conditioning
35
Q

contributing psychological factors

A
  • cognitive models - emphasises the thought process in feelings and behaviour
  • cognitive bias - the tendency to think in a way that involved errors of judgement and faulty decision making
  • memory bias - change / enhance the memory
36
Q

contributing social factors

A
  • environmental triggers - direct exposure to a traumatic or distressing event eg - bitten by a dog, witnessing other people experience a traumatic experience or read about a traumatic experience
  • stigma around seeking treatment
37
Q

cumulative risk factor

A

the accumulation of and exposure to multiple risk factors that increase susceptibility to developing a mental disorder or perpetuates an exisiting mental disorder

38
Q

disorganised attachment

A

instability in a caregiving relationship that interferes with the child’s sense or trust and security

39
Q

stigma

A

social disapproving of an individuals personal characteristics or beliefs, or social disapproval of a type of behaviour

40
Q

agonist

A

a substance that increases the release of a neurotransmitter or imitates its activity by causing post synaptic neuron to fire

41
Q

antagonist

A

a substance that inhibits the release of a neurotransmitter or blocks receptor sites, making the post-synaptic neuron less likely to fire

42
Q

biopsychosocial

A

biological
psychological
social

43
Q

biological treatments for phobias

A
  • medication
  • breathing retraining
  • exercise
44
Q

psychological treatments for phobias

A
  • CBT (cognitive behavioural therapy)

- systematic desensitisation

45
Q

social treatments for phobias

A

-psychoeducation

46
Q

breathing retraining

A

1 - stop the stressful activity and find a comfortable position
2 - hold your breathe and count to 10
3 - breathe in through your nose in a relaxed manner and be mindful about relaxing the body and mind
4 - breath in for 3 seconds and then breathe out for 3 seconds
5 - at the end of one minuet go back to step 2 and repeated steps 2-4

47
Q

systematic desensitisation

A

1 - learn a relaxation strategy
2 - create a fear hierarchy
3 - pair the relaxation strategy with each stage of the hierarchy moving up each level
4 - continue to move up the hierarchy until the stimulus no longer elicits a conditioned fear response

48
Q

why do people use systematic desensitisation

A
  • it works under the assumption that phobias are often classically conditioned
  • aims to use extinction to remove phobic response
49
Q

resilience

A

an individuals ability to properly adapt to stress and cope with adversity and change

  • make realistic plans
  • high self efficacy
  • skills in problem solving
  • adapting to new situations
50
Q

resilience - biological

A

adequate sleep and diet

51
Q

resilience - psychological

A

cognitive behavioural therapy

52
Q

resilience - social

A

support from family, friends and community

53
Q

transtheoretical model

A 
1 - pre-contemplation 
2 - contemplation 
3 - preparation 
4 - action 
5 - maintenance
54
Q

strengths of the transtheoretical model

A
  • emphasises that change is gradual
  • can be used for a variety of conditions
  • allows for setbacks and relapses
  • caters for individual differences in terms of readiness
55
Q

limitations of the transtheoretical model

A
  • difficult to determine which stage people are in
  • underestimates cultural and social influences
  • lack of research relating to timeframes
56
Q

ethical implications

A

-placebo effetc

do more

57
Q

benzodiazepines

A

m

Psychology (4 decks)

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