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Health and Human Development > SAC #4 > Flashcards

SAC #4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is low birth weight?

A
  • Weight at birth under 2500g according to WHO
  • 20x More likely to die than heavier babies
  • Contributes to a range of poor health outcomes
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2
Q

What is pneumonia? What prevalence and what risk factors.

A
  • Lung Infection (bacteria or virus)
  • Flu symptoms
    Prevalence
  • Kills more children than any other disease
  • 1.1 million under five deaths per year
    Risk Factors
  • More likely if undernourished
  • Crowded living
  • Air pollution
  • Tobacco smoke
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3
Q

What defines a communicable disease?

A

It is transferable.

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4
Q

What is a major difference between a developed and developing country?

A

Developing countries have higher numbers and incidences of communicable diseases.

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5
Q

What are some communicable diseases?

A
  • Low birth weight
  • Pneumonia
  • Diarrhoeal diseases
  • Malnutrition
  • Micro-nutrition Deficiency
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6
Q

What are Diarrhoeal diseases? What’s their prevalence and risk factors?

A 
- Liquid stool
Prevalence
- Kills 2.2 million people globally 
Risk Factors 
- Contaminated water
- Poor personal hygiene 
- Underprepared food
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7
Q

What are malnutrition? What’s their prevalence and risk factors?

A
  • Bad nourishment
  • Too much of the wrong foods and drink
  • Inadequate protein and micronutrients
  • Dangerously thin people
    Prevalence
  • Developing countries
  • Plays a role in half of all the deaths under five in developing countries
    Risk Factors
  • Poverty
  • Hygiene
  • Water quality
  • Education
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8
Q

What are Micronutrient deficiency? What’s their prevalence and risk factors?

A
  • Iodine: brain damage, lack of learning efficiency
  • Zinc: Weakens immune system
    Prevalence
  • 4.5 million people suffer from iron deficiency
  • 50% Pregnant women are iron deficient
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9
Q

What is human development?

A

Having access to knowledge regarding health, having a decent standard of living, participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives.

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18
Q

What is a Developed Country?

A

A country that has progressed adequately with regard to economic, demographic and mortality indicators

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19
Q

What is a developing country?

A

A country that has not progressed adequately with regard to economic, demographic and mortality indicators.

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20
Q

What is gross domestic product?

A

A measure that reflects the economic state of a country. GDP is the value of all goods and services produced in a country in a 12 month period.

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21
Q

What is gross national income.

A

A measure that reflects the economic state of a country. GNI is the total income generated by a country in a 12 month period once expenses owing other countries has been paid.

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22
Q

What is mortality strata A

A

Very low child mortality and very low adult mortality.

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23
Q

What is mortality strata B

A

Low child mortality and low adult mortality

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24
Q

What is mortality strata C

A

Low child mortality and hight adult mortality

25
Q

What is mortality strata D

A

High child mortality and high adult mortality

26
Q

What is mortality strata E

A

High child mortality and very high adult mortality

27
Q

What is the human development index?

A
  • HDI is a measure of social and economic development of a country.
  • HDI is based on 3 dimensions of human development: health, education and living standards.
  • HDI is measured by four indicators: Life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling and GNI per capita.
  • The closer the value to 1, the higher the HDI is for the country and the better the health status is.
28
Q

What is the acronym for the factors on the differences in health status between developing countries and Australia?

A

P- Political stability
E- Education
P- Peace
A- Access to health care

P- Physical environment
I- Income
G- Gender equality
G- Global Marketing

29
Q

Define political stability and peace as factors on the difference in healthcare for Australia and developing countries.

A
  • Australia has a stable political environment, democratic government and history of peace, increases choice for individuals; less discrimination, less poverty and increased life expectancy.
  • Peace means there is land available for food, money is available for investment infrastructure and there is less violence.
  • Corruption, conflict and lack of democracy; people have fewer rights, less access to education or healthcare, as money is spent on military.
  • More discrimination based on gender or religion and reduced life expectancy.
  • Less access to health care means there is less access to immunisation and prenatal care contribution to higher infant and maternal mortality.
30
Q

Define access to health care as a factor on the difference in healthcare for Australia and developing countries.

A
  • Health care is seen as a basic human right in Australia.
  • Free immunisation and financial incentives has led to and increase in immunisation rates.
  • Fewer doctors per capita and a lack of funding for resources contributes to poor access to health care and therefore poor health.
  • Less hospitals and clinics, lower immunisation coverage; high rates of communicable diseases.
  • Poor access to trained birth attendants; contributes to high under-5, infant and maternal mortality rates.
31
Q

Define global marketing as a factor on the difference in healthcare for Australia and developing countries.

A
  • Consumption of tobacco globally had increased; increased incidence of lung cancer and mortality in developing countries. Also contributes to malnutrition when families purchase tobacco instead of food.
  • In developing countries, there is increased alcohol consumption; contributes to increased rates of cancer in injuries.
  • Increased consumption of processed foods; replacement of local and traditional foods with foods that have high levels of fat, salt and sugar; increased rates of hypertensive heart disease, diabetes and colon cancer.
32
Q

Define education as a factor on the difference in healthcare for Australia and developing countries.

A
  • In Australia, a higher % of GDP is spent on educations, increases access to education
  • Higher literacy rates, which increases choices in relation to employment which can improve health status.
  • Lower % of GDP is spent on education, reduces access.
  • Low literacy rates, reduces choices, the possibility of people being able to break the poverty cycle, and inequality between genders.
  • Less educated; makes individuals vulnerable to dangerous employment (child labour, prostitution and labour intensive work), poses a risk to physical and mental health.
33
Q

Define gender equity as a factor on the difference in healthcare for Australia and developing countries.

A
  • Australian laws protect children from early marriage, child labour and exploitation.
  • Equal access of education.
  • In developing countries, many girls are forced into marriage at young ages; they have babies at a young age which increases the rate of infant and maternal mortality.
  • Girls are less likely to be educated, expected to take on adult roles (labour intensive work), pose a risk to physical and mental health.
  • Girls are often fed last, which contributes to malnutrition, especially during pregnancy.
34
Q

Define income as a factor on the difference in healthcare for Australia and developing countries.

A
  • Australia has income to invest in healthcare, education, social security and infrastructure.
  • Low rates of unemployment; increases the income of many individuals and options available in relation to healthcare, access to food and shelter.
  • Developing countries, low wages and no social security reduces the income of individuals, increases malnutrition, illness and leads to lower literacy rates.
  • High rates of unemployment, reduces the options available in relation to health care, access to food and shelter leading to more illness and malnutrition.
35
Q

Define physical enviroment as a factor on the difference in healthcare for Australia and developing countries

A
  • Easy access to clean and safe drinking water supply and adequate sanitation facilities
  • Food security is not an issue
  • Most people have access to all necessary things to maintain health eg: food, sanitation, gas and electricity
  • don’t live in over crowded conditions
  • Developing countries have many factors that limit their growth of crops and therefore food supply.
  • The changing weather patterns also increase risk of natural disasters such as flood which again increases spread of disease. They also ruin water that may have been clean and any food that may have been stored.
  • Dehydration and malnutrition is the leading cause of under five and infant mortality in developing countries.
  • Very limited access to proper shelter leads to reduced protection from nature and access to clean facility’s and water.
36
Q

Characteristics of developed countries.

A
  • Low child and adult mortality
  • Longer life expectancy
  • Well developed industry and trade
  • High GDP
  • Established health care and education systems
37
Q

Characteristics of a developing country

A
  • High mortality
  • Low life expectancy
  • Poor industry and limited trade
  • Low GDP Nd high rates of poverty
  • Limited healthcare and education systems
38
Q

Define sustainability.

A

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their needs.

39
Q

What are the 3 elements of sustainability

A
  1. Social. Eg: employment, equity, education, security, cultural inclusion, participation.
  2. Economic. Eg: income, growth, stability.
  3. Environmental. Eg: healthy environment for humans, rational use of renewable natural resources, conservation of non-renewable natural resources.
40
Q

What are the key elements ensuring sustainability.

A

Equity, affordability and appropriateness

41
Q

Define affordability in regards to sustainability.

A
  • Be affordable to implement
  • Be affordable in the long term
  • Focus on education
42
Q

Define appropriateness in regards to sustainability.

A
  • Empower people
  • Respect cultural values
  • Be accessible
43
Q

What is a strata?

A

It is the World Health Organisations was of classifying countries.

44
Q

Define equity in regards to sustainability.

A
  • Be available and meet the needs of all the people in the local community
  • Include women
  • Reach those most in need

Health and Human Development (3 decks)

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