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Health and Human Development > SAC #3 > Flashcards

SAC #3 Flashcards

1
Q

Biomedical model of health

A

An approach that treats people once symptoms of ill health are present. It relies heavily on doctors, hospitals, pharmaceuticals and medical technology.

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2
Q

Principles of the social model of health: E.A.R.I.E

A

Enable access to health care.
Address the broader determinants of health.
Reduce social inequities.
Inter-sectorial collaboration of health care.
Empowers individuals and the community.

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3
Q

Explain: Enable access to health care.

A

The social model of health is about improving access to healthcare and information that improves health. Services and information should be readily available and based on need, affordability, appropriateness and accessibility to all. They should also address the barriers, such as location, transport, cost and knowledge.

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4
Q

Explain: Address the broader determinants of health.

A

The social model of health focuses on addressing all determinants of health, it has moved beyond focussing on biological and behavioural determinants to also address the social and environmental determinants that contribute to inequalities in health and well being.

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5
Q

Explain: Reduce social inequities.

A

The social model of health is about reducing the inequalities that exist in relation to the health status and provision of health services that can be linked to a range of factors such as age, gender, socioeconomic status, culture and physical location.

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6
Q

Explain: Involve inter-sectorial collaboration of health care.

A

The social model of health embraces the need for integrated action between government departures, the private sector and the health sector.

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7
Q

Explain: Empowers individuals and the community.

A

The social model of health is about providing individuals and communities with the resources they need to address the factors that influence their health and enable them to participate in decisions about their health.

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8
Q

What are the Ottawa Charters three basic strategies?

A

Enable
Mediate
Advocate

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9
Q

Explain: Enable as one of the three basic strategies for Ottawa Charter.

A

Giving access to health promotion that focuses on equity, creates supportive environments and aims to reduce differences in health status to ensure equal opportunities, resources and access to information and skills to enable all people to reach their fullest health potential. It allows people to develop personal skills to enable all people to reach their fullest potential.

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10
Q

Explain: Mediate as one of the three basic strategies for Ottawa Charter

A

Ensuring the coordination of health services within and across sectors. It includes reorienting health services to bring about a greater focus on health promotion, rather than on diagnosis and treatment. It is about strengthening community action by ensuring government, health sector, industry, media and non-government organisations work together to improve health outcomes for people.

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11
Q

Explain: Advocate as one of the three basic strategies of Ottawa Charter

A

Lobbying government and other organisations to improve access to and provision of health care services. It is about groups and/or individuals working together to influence public policy to make the changes necessary to improve the determinants of health for everyone.

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12
Q

What are the Ottawa Charter priorities?

A 
Big Cats Stew Dead Rats
Build healthy public policy.
Create supportive environments.
Strengthen community action.
Develop personal skills.
Reorient health services.
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13
Q

Explain: Building public policy as an Ottawa priority.

A

Development of policy, legislation or changes in taxation to promote health.

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14
Q

Explain: Create supportive environments as an Ottawa priority.

A

Environments that help to make healthy choices the easier choices.

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15
Q

Explain: Strenghten community action as an Ottawa priority

A

Involving and encouraging people from all parts of the community to work together.

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16
Q

Explain: Develop personal skills as an Ottawa priority.

A

Gives people the information and skills to make healthier choices.

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17
Q

Explain: Reorient health services as an Ottawa priority.

A

Switches focus from biomedical to preventative health care. Encourage medical professionals to take a preventative approach.

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18
Q

What is VicHealths mission?

A
  • Prevent chronic conditions for all Victorians.
  • Promote fairness and opportunity for better health.
  • In partnership with others to promote good health.
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19
Q

What are the VicHealth priority areas?

A
  • Promote healthy eating
  • Encourage regular physical activity
  • Prevent tobacco use
  • Prevent harm from alcohol
  • Improve mental well being
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20
Q

What is VicHealths role?

A

Health promotion and primary prevention of non-communicable disease in order to promote good health, prevent ill-health and reduce inequalities between population groups in Victoria.

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21
Q

What are the values?

A 
Continuous 
Accesible
Responsive
Effective
Safe
Efficient
Sustainable
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22
Q

What is Medicare?

A

It is Australia’s national health care scheme that provides access to health care and medical care for little or no cost to all Australians in need of treatment, regardless of age or income.

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23
Q

What is covered by Medicare?

A
  • Doctor and specialist consultation fees (if they are needed).
  • Treatment and accommodation as a public patient in a public hospital as result of emergency and or referral from a doctor.
  • Tests and examinations that are needed.
  • Eye tests performed by an optometrist.
  • Most procedures performed by a doctor.
24
Q

What is not covered by Medicare?

A
  • Most dental examinations and treatments
  • Ambulance services
  • Any therapies that are not needed.
  • Accupuncture
  • Private hospital costs
  • Hearing aids
  • Glasses and contact lenses
  • Home nursing
25
Q

What is the pharmaceuticals benefits scheme?

A

It is a way of subsidising the cost of a wide range of prescription medications, providing Australians with vital medication at affordable prices. Not all medication is on the list. The price paid for the medication depends on the circumstances of the individual.

26
Q

How is Medicare funded?

A

Medicare is funded but the Medicare levy surcharge, general taxation and the Medicare levy.

27
Q

What is private health?

A

Private health insurance is a policy taken out by individuals or family’s to provide cover for services that are not covered by Medicare. There are two types of private health insurance and they are hospital cover and extras cover.

28
Q

What are the incentives for private health insurance?

A

Private health insurance rebate
Lifetime health cover
Medicare levy surcharge

29
Q

Explain private health insurance rebate.

A

Helps to cover the cost of PHI premiums. Subject to means testing families and individuals paying for private health insurance may be eligible for up to 40% rebate on insurance premiums.

30
Q

Explain lifetime health cover.

A

Designed to encourage people to take out hospital cover earlier in life and continue their cover throughout their life. Anyone who does not take out have private hospital insurance cover before July 1st after their 31st birthday, and decides to take it out later will pay an additional 2% loading on their premiums for each year over the age of 30 when joining, capping at 70%

31
Q

Explain the Medicare levy surcharge.

A

Assists in covering the cost of Medicare services. In addition to compulsory 1.5% Medicare levy, 1-1.5% of annual income is charged to Australian taxpayers who do not have private hospital health insurance.

32
Q

Why have nutrition surveys?

A

A method of collecting data to monitor and assess food and nutrition intake within the Australian population. Survey data provides a snapshot of what individuals are eating in order to asses their reported food and nutrient intake. Survey data can be collected through food diaries, food recall lists, food accounts and surveys.

33
Q

How are nutrition surveys findings used?

A
  • As a tool to assess the dietary intakes of the Australian population.
  • To identify dietary trends and inadequacies
  • To help target strategies that address areas of concern highlighted from the survey
  • To assess the effectiveness of current nutrition program’s and to help plan new ones.
  • To help develop food and nutrition policies and food models
  • To create benchmarks for health strategies to be measured against.
  • To guid taxation of processed foods.
34
Q

What are the limitations of doing nutrition surveys?

A

Food recall and honesty of people is questionable and gathered data is often limited to a 24hr period.

35
Q

What services are provided by nutrition Australaia?

A
  • Provide latest information on nutrition research and current food and health trends.
  • Provision of products and services to address food and nutritional issues across the lifespan eg: Healthy living Pyramid.
  • Menu assessments
  • Nutrition clinics
  • Food industry consultancies
36
Q

What is nutrition Australia?

A

Nutrition Australia is a non government, non for profit, community based organisation. It is Australia’s primary community nutrition education body. It works closely with the state and commonwealth governments.

37
Q

What are five dietary guidelines for Australian adults?

A
  • To achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious food and drinks to meet your energy needs.
  • Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the five food groups.
  • limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol
  • Encourage, support and promote breast feeding.
  • Care for your food; prepare and store it safely.
38
Q

What are the five food groups?

A
  • Plenty of vegetables of different types and colours, and legumes/beans
  • Fruit
  • Grain foods, whole grain, bread, crerals, rice, pasta, noodles, polenta, couscous, oats, quinoa and barley.
  • Lean meats and poultry, fish, eggs, nuts and seeds
    Milk, yogurt, cheese and reduced fat alternatives.
39
Q

What foods are suggested to be eaten in low amounts.

A

High in saturated fats, cakes, biscuits, pastries, pies, processed meats, commercial burgers, pizza, fried foods, potato chips and other savoury snacks.

Food or drink with added salt or sugars and alcohol.

40
Q

What is health promotion?

A

The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health.

41
Q

What does the state government do?

A
  • Manage public hospital services.
  • Delivery of health services.
  • Regulatory responsibilities eg: licensing gp’s
  • Ambulance services.
42
Q

What does the federal government do?

A
  • Fund public hospitals.
  • Management and funding of Medicare
  • Pharmaceutical benefits scheme
  • Purchase of vaccines.
43
Q

What does the local government do?

A
  • Health education
  • Organisation of immunisation program’s
  • Maintaining a sanitary enviroment
44
Q

What is the PBS net?

A

It protects individuals and family’s from large out of pocket expenses for medications.

45
Q

What are the advantages of PHI?

A
  • Enables access to private hospital care.
  • Covers many additional services.
  • Choice of doctor.
46
Q

What are the disadvantages of PHI?

A
  • The cost of premiums.
  • there may be out of pocket expenses.
  • Qualifying periods have to be served before a claim is made.
47
Q

What are the advantages of Medicare?

A
  • Medical treatment available for little to no cost.

- Everyone has access.

48
Q

What are the disadvantages for Medicare?

A
  • Long waiting Lists

- Doesn’t cover all health services eg: Alternative therapies.

49
Q

Dietary guidelines for Australian adults summery.

A

A framework to guide selection of food and promote the potential benefits of healthy eating to reduce the risk of diet related conditions and chronic diseases and improve health across the lifespan.

50
Q

Social model of health

A

An approach to health that attempts to address the broader influences on health rather than the disease or injury

51
Q

Dietary guidelines for Australian adults limitations.

A
  • The guidelines are broad
  • Information about recommended food serves and serve size is separate to the actual guidelines.
  • The the content ADG only applies to healthy Australians and those with excess weight.
52
Q

Australian guide to healthy eating summery

A

It is a food selection guide based on the Australian dietary guidelines which visually represents the proportions of the five food groups recommended for consumption each day.

53
Q

Australian guide to healthy eating, how it promotes healthy eating.

A
  • Provides information to people regarding appropriate foods and portions to consume each day in order to get enough nutrients and to reduce the risk of diet related diseases.
  • An educational tool to improve the knowledge and skill base necessary for Australians to select a healthy diet.
  • To modify diets for a range of population and cultural groups.
54
Q

Australian guide to healthy eating limitations.

A
  • Does not indicate which foods are better choices from each group.
  • Poorer food choices can still be made, such as full fat dairy products, white breads and cereals.
  • the use of “sometimes/small amounts” for the foods outside the pie chart is subjective
55
Q

Dietary guidelines for Australian adults, how they promote healthy eating.

A
  • Provides basic nutritional information to people.
  • To guide wise choices from the wide range of foods and drinks now available.
  • To assist in development of food models

Health and Human Development (3 decks)

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