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Health And Human Development > Sac 3 - Factors contributing to health status > Flashcards

Sac 3 - Factors contributing to health status Flashcards

1
Q

Low income characteristics

A
  • A lack of social support (welfare)
  • Low levels of education attainment
  • High population growth
  • Poor access to improved sanitation
  • Lower agricultural productivity
  • Lower levels of food security
  • Poor access to healthcare
  • Less infrastructure
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2
Q

High income characteristics

A
  • Availability of social support services (social welfare)
  • Higher levels of education entertainment
  • Lower population growth
  • Access to improved sanitation
  • Higher agricultural productivity
  • Improved food security
  • Access to healthcare
  • Improved infrastructure
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3
Q

World bank

A

Aninternational financial institutionthat provides loans tocountriesof the world for capital projects.

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4
Q

Low income countries

A

Ethiopia, Afghanistan

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5
Q

High income countries

A

Australia, Canada, United Kingdom

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6
Q

Upper middle income countries

A

China, Brazil, Turkey

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7
Q

Lower middle income countries

A

Bangladesh, Indonesia, Cambodia

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8
Q

Economic characteristics

A
  • Level of debt
  • Income
  • Trade opportunities
  • Poverty
  • Welfare support
  • Industry
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9
Q

Environmental characteristics

A
  • Infrastructure
  • Access to clean water
  • Access to improved sanitation
  • Access to food
  • Agricultural productivity
  • Energy use
  • Resource use
  • Emissions
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10
Q

Social characteristics

A
  • Social support
  • Employment
  • Birth rates
  • Education levels
  • Healthcare system
  • Access to technology
  • Legal and political systems
  • Living standards
  • Social justice
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11
Q

Gross national income (GNI)

A

The total income generated by a country in a 12 month period, divided by its population.

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12
Q

Contributing factors to health status (PIGSSM)

A
  • Poverty
  • Inequality/ discrimination
  • Global distribution
  • Safe water
  • Sanitation
  • Marketing of tobacco, alcohol and processed foods
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13
Q

Inequality & Discrimination (PEMSS)

A

Physical:

  • Increase risk of disease, self harm and suicide
  • Physical violence from others
  • Lack of sleep resulting in low energy levels
  • Increase risk of illness
  • Potential decreased access to healthcare
  • Increasing morbidity and mortality

Mental:

  • Increased stress and distress levels
  • Feelings of inadequacy
  • Reduced access to education impacting development of thought process and thinking

Social:

  • Isolation and exclusion, bullying
  • Social stigma and discrimination
  • Increased chance of unemployment
  • Difficulty forming meaningful and satisfying relationships

Emotional:

  • People in communities may feel excluded and experience negative stress
  • Feelings of hopelessness and fear due to violence experienced
  • Increased anxiety

Spiritual:

  • Loss of confidence in day to day life
  • Loss of spirit, hope and purpose in life
  • Feelings of helplessness
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14
Q

What is safe water?

A

Water that is not contaminated with diseases causing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, or chemicals such as lead and mercury that may be a result of agriculture and industry.

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15
Q

What is the issue regarding water?

A
  • Cannot grow crops
  • Cannot feed livestock
  • Increases risk of contaminated water being used
  • Risk of mortality and morbidity
  • Women and children spend hours collecting water rather than working or going to school
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16
Q

Impact of safe access to water on health status and burden of disease

A
  • Increases in infant mortality rates from communicable diseases (cholera through dirty water in infant formula)
  • Increased spread of illness (diarrhoea, cholera, malaria and hookworm)
  • Lower life expectancy results from high infant mortality due to water-borne illness
  • A lack of clean drinking water causes dehydration and under- nutrition
17
Q

Access to safe water (PEMSS)

A

Physical: Increases the risk of diseases such as cholera, contributing to dehydration and malnutrition. Collecting water can take several hours and is dangerous work increasing the risk of injury and physical exhaustion.

Emotional: People in communities may feel excluded or experience negative stress. Feelings of hopelessness and unfair. However, it may benefit self-esteem if in charge of water wells.

Mental: May cause stress for women who need to provide water for their family.

Spiritual: Having to collect water, and the impact of unsafe water.

Social: Reduces the amount of time and chances for women and children to participate in their community and school. This impacts their ability to make friends and develop relationships and strong communication skills in their school environment.

18
Q

What is sanitation?

A

The provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces, the maintenance of hygienic conditions and garbage disposal.

19
Q

What is the issue regarding sanitation?

A
  • Spread of infectious diseases
  • Reduces life expectancy, increase in infant mortality and U5 mortality
  • Over urbanisation systems cannot cope
  • Slums and make shift dwellings, overcrowded
20
Q

Sanitation (PEMSS)

A

Physical: Increase water borne disease risk, dehydration and malnutrition. Lack of energy therefore cannot participate in activities.

Emotional: People in communities may feel excluded and experience negative stress. Feelings of hopelessness and unfairness.

Mental: Increased stress/ anxiety levels especially for women and girls

Spiritual: They may not feel confident in their day to day life and therefore they will not feel as though they have a purpose in life.

Social: Girls may be excluded and not attend school. Public defecation may cause social anxiety for women and girls.

21
Q

Impact of access to sanitation on health status and burden of disease

A
  • Increase infant mortality rates from communicable diseases
  • Increase risk of spread of diseases such as diarrhoea, cholera, typhoid, malaria and hookworm
  • Lowers life expectancy
  • Increases U5 mortality
  • All due to water borne diseases
  • Contributes to dehydration and under-nutrition
22
Q

What is poverty?

A

Lack of income and resources such as food, shelter, clean water and healthcare,

23
Q

What is the issue regarding poverty?

A

The poorest people have the worst health outcomes, health status and levels of health and wellbeing.

24
Q

Impact of access to poverty on health status and burden of disease

A
  • Increase in the burden of disease attributed to malnutrition and associated illness due to food security
  • Lower life expectancy due to reduced access to healthcare, food and a decent standard of living
  • Low rates of immunisation, increasing rates of communicable diseases
25
Q

Types of poverty

A
  • Extreme poverty
  • Relative poverty
  • Poverty cycle
26
Q

Extreme poverty

A

Those living on less than a certain amount per day, generally US $1.90

27
Q

Relative poverty

A

Those living on 50% less than their countries average income

28
Q

Poverty cycle

A

Low income - Poor living conditions - Poor health and wellbeing - Lack of education - Inability to secure meaningful employment

29
Q

Poverty (PEMSS)

A

Physical: Increase in risk of disease, malnutrition and lack of energy so body cannot participate in activities such as school and work.

Emotional: People in communities may feel excluded and experience negative stress. Feelings of hopelessness and fear due to violence experienced. Increased anxiety for young girls and women

Mental: Increase stress/ anxiety levels especially for women. Feelings of inadequacy and effects ability to think and reason.

Spiritual: They may not be confident in their day to day life therefore lose their purpose in life. Lose hope as individuals as they cannot break through cycle of poverty.

Social: Poverty may cause isolation and exclusion. Social stigma and discrimination may be experienced.

30
Q

Globalisation

A

Improvements in technology has led to a decrease in the barriers of communication and trade and transport.

31
Q

Global marketing

A

The advertising and selling of goods and services around the world including middle and low income countries.

32
Q

Global distribution

A

Involves the transfer of goods and services and people.

33
Q

Double burden of disease

A

The global marketing of tobacco, alcohol and fast food is contributing to the double burden of disease in developing countries. Low and middle income countries are facing high rates of malnutrition and other conditions associated with poverty such as communicable diseases (HIV/AIDS and malaria) AS WELL as high rates of conditions associated with wealth, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Obesity and malnutrition may often exist side by side in developing countries.

34
Q

Global marketing tobacco (burden of disease)

A

Tobacco is one of the highest causes of death and illness globally as a result of direct use or from second hand smoke. Burden of disease from tobacco use includes premature deaths from cancers, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory conditions, anxiety and depression.

35
Q

Tobacco (PEMSS)

A

Physical: Reduced physical fitness, and poor functioning body systems due to illness and disease.

Social: Potential decrease in ability to form productive relationships especially intimate relationships if partner is a non-smoker.

Mental: Lower confidence and self esteem if smoking leads to bad breath, discolouration of fingers e.t.c and perhaps increased levels of stress

Emotional: A smoker may be unable to control emotions if they are forced to go long periods without a cigarette.

36
Q

Alcohol (PEMSS)

A

Physical: Reduced reaction time, and functioning of the body due to an increase in illness.

Social: Alcohol abuse can lead to relationships breakdown, slowed communication and people may withdraw from their supportive network of friends.

Mental: Excessive alcohol intake can increase risk of depression and mental illness as well as increase stress and anxiety levels. Alters the chemical makeup of the brain.

Emotional: People may suffer uncontrolled mood swings, bursts of anger and violence.

37
Q

Processed foods (PEMSS)

A

Physical: Reduced physical fitness due to overweight, obesity, and poor functioning body systems due to illness and disease.

Social: Social exclusion may occur or bullying if a person is overweight/obese.

Mental: Lower confidence and self esteem due to increases in body weight.

Emotional: A person may suffer low levels of resilience if they become a victim of bullying.

Spiritual: A person is overweight and obese may struggle to find that sense of belonging due to social isolation.

Health And Human Development (6 decks)

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