Sac 1 - Health and Wellbeing Flashcards
9 prerequisites of health
Peace Shelter Education Food Income Stable ecosystem Sustainable resources Social justice Equity
Mortality
The number of deaths at a population level caused by a particular disease, illness or other environmental factor
Maternal Mortality Ratio
The number of mothers who die as a result of pregnancy or childbirth per 100 000 live births
Self-Assessed Health Status
An overall measure of a population’s health based on a person’s own perception of their health
Dynamic
Health and wellbeing is not a constant state but is always changing in response to internal and external factors (environmental factors)
Subjective
Health and wellbeing is subject to opinions and previous experiences that can influence the way a person feels about their level of health
Disease
A physical or mental disturbance involving symptoms, dysfunction or tissue damage
Emotional Health and Wellbeing
The ability to recognise, understand and effectively manage and express emotions as well as the ability to display resilience.
- Recognising a range of emotions
- High level of resilience
Difference Between Emotional and Mental Health and Wellbeing
Emotional health and wellbeing refers to the ability to appropriately experience, identify, express and manage emotions. Mental health and wellbeing refers to the brain’s ability to be logical and process information and the thoughts that a person experiences
Emotional- identify and manage feelings
Mental- Ability to process feelings and have logical thought patterns.
Social Health and Wellbeing
The ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to adapt appropriately to various social situations
- Supportive network of friends
- Positive and effective communication
Food
Adequate food intake, is both an essential requirement for life and a basic human right
- Increases ability of individuals to consume required nutrients
- Enables individuals to grow and learn
Stable ecosystem
A balanced environment consisting of living and non-living factors. A stable ecosystem indicates all living factors are having their needs met and provides many resources for health, including food, air and water
- Provides a source of food
- Provides opportunities for employment
Sustainable resources
Enabling natural systems to function, remain diverse and produce what is required for the ecology to remain in balance
- Sustainable food and water sources are vital for survival
- Provide employment
Social Justice
Equal rights for all regardless of sex, income, religion, age or sexuality
- Education
- Adequate shelter and food/water
Prevalence
The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time
Morbidity
Refers to ill-health in an individual and the levels of ill-health in a population or group
Years of Life Lost (YLL)
A measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to premature death
Years Lost due to Disability (YLD)
A measure of how many healthy years of life are lost due to illness, injury or disability
Life Expectancy
An indication of how long a person can expect live, it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do not change
Infant Mortality Rate
The rate of deaths of infants between birth and their first birthday, usually expressed per 1000 live births
Under 5 Mortality Rate
The rate of deaths occurring in children under 5 years of age per 1000 live births
Health (WHO)
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Illness
The state of feeling unwell, a subjective concept related to disease
Five Dimensions of Health and Wellbeing
Physical Mental Emotional Social Spiritual
Physical Health and Wellbeing
Relates to the functioning of the body and it’s systems; includes the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks
- Healthy body weight
- Strong immune system
Mental Health and Wellbeing
Relates to the state of a person’s mind or brain and it relates to the ability to think and process information, form opinions, make decisions and use logic.
- High levels of confidence
- positive self esteem
Mental Disorders
Conditions that significantly impact thought processes and mental functioning ie depression or anxiety
Spiritual Health and Wellbeing
Relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of human beings
- A sense of belonging
- Peace and harmony
Optimal Health and Wellbeing
Highest level of health and wellbeing in each of the dimensions at the same time
Communicable Diseases
Diseases that are passed from one person to another from either direct or indirect contact
Optimal Health and Wellbeing as a Resource (Individually)
- Decreases stress and anxiety and promotes positive emotions such as happiness
- Reduces healthcare costs for individuals
Optimal Health and Wellbeing as a Resource (Nationally)
- Greater economic benefits (higher average incomes)
- Creates a cycle through generations
Optimal Health and Wellbeing as a Resource (Globally)
- Reduces the risk of communicable diseases spreading between countries
- Optimal trade between countries
Peace
Absence of conflict and giving respect
- Decreased risk of premature death, injury, disability
- Reduction of stress and anxiety
Shelter
Adequate housing that provides safety, security and privacy
- Reduces stress and anxiety
Equity
Quality of being fair and providing what is required for health and wellbeing
- Allows everyone to have an income
- Access to education, employment, human rights and healthcare
Income
Money received for work or through investments
- Allows government to provide health services, education
- Allows parents to feed family, send kids to school
Education
Process of acquiring general knowledge
- Increases ability to earn an income and be employed
- Promotes self-esteem
Incidence
The number of new cases of a condition during a given period of time (usually 12 months)
Burden of disease
A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. Measured in a unit called the DALY
Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)
A measure of burden of disease, one DALY equals YLL + YLD
Health Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE)
A measure of burden of disease based on life expectancy at birth, but including an adjustment for time spent in poor health. It is the number of years in full health that a person can expect to live, based on current rates of ill health and mortality
Maternal Mortality
Death of a mother during pregnancy, childbirth or within six weeks of delivery
Infant Mortality
The death of a child between birth and their first birthday
Under 5 Mortality
The death of a child under 5 years of age
Concept of health and wellbeing
Health and wellbeing is a complex combination of all dimensions of health, characterised by an equilibrium in which a person feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged
Advantage of self- assessed health status
Cheap, easy to recall straight away to collect data
Disadvantage of self- assessed health status
Can be inaccurate as a person can make up things compared to the objective, health professionals and measurable
Health outcome examples between prerequisites and health status indicators
Adequate food = good immune system
Peace = reduction of mortality
Difference between health and wellbeing
Health is not just the absence of disease or illness. It is a complex combination of a person’s physical, mental, emotional and social health factors. Wellbeing relates to a balance between the dimensions of health, and is strongly linked to happiness and life satisfaction. Wellbeing is described as ‘how you feel about yourself and your life’.
Why is wellbeing difficult to measure?
Measuring wellbeing in a population is difficult because the interpretation of wellbeing is subjective. Each person may have a different set of factors used to determine and measure their wellbeing.
Health status
An individual or populations overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy e.t.c
Health status indicators
- Self assessed health status
- Life expectancy
- HALE
- Mortality
- Morbidity
- Burden of disease
