SAC 3 Flashcards
What is a group?
two or more people who interact with each other are influenced by each other an share a common purpose
define power
the ability a person has to get someone to do something for them.
Six types of power
Reward- ability to provide the desired response.
Coreviece- ability to use force
information-having knowledge someone wants
legitimate-power is given by a higher authority
expert-power is due to skills and knowledge
referent- power comes from the desire to relate to the powerful person.
3 styles of leadership
DEMOCRATIC- the leader negotiates with the group and takes their views into account when making decisions.
AUTHORIAN- leader makes all decisions with no consideration & controls behaviour of all members.
LAIZZRE-FAIRE- “leader” is present but takes no part in the groups dynamics or descion making. There is no real structure or authority.
Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison experiment - IV, DV, participants, method, results, criticisms,
ethical issues
IV- Whether the participants were guards or prisoners
DV- how the participants would behaviour.
Participants-Were students off Stanford uni, were volunteers and were all payed for 14 days even though it only lasted 5.
Method-made participants guards or prisons deindiudalised them and put them in cells w no windows
Criticisms- Ethicial considerations were violated, served lasting harm on participants. but it started an investigation in to how prisoners are treated in prisoners.
Ethical issues- no last harm principle
-withdrawl rights
Milgrim’s experiment - aim, method, results, ethical issues
Aim- to discover whether participants would obey an authority figure and carry out actions that cause severe pain to others.
Method- 40 male volunteers they were payed. Participants were the ‘teacher’ and were instructed to administer shocks to a “student” who was in on it. While an experimenter used prods to get the teacher to continue.
Results-ALL participants obeyed up to 300 volts. 65% went all the way. Milgram concluded that a person is likely to go against their beliefs if told to by an authority figure.
Ethical issues- No harm principle
withdrawal rights
deception
Asch’s experiment - aim, method, results, conclusion
Aim-was to investigate the extent to which an individual within a group will conform to majority opinion.
Method- 50 college students were asked which line was the closed to length on a piece of paper. The participants were always second last to give an answer.
Results- 74% conformed
Conclusion- they conformed bc; they wanted to belong, and believed others were more informed than them.
What is a meta analysis?
research that examines the results of many other studies and combines all the findings.
this means the experimenter has increased confidence in the findings.
Name the 7 factors effecting conformity
NCISGUD
normative influence, culture, informational influence, social loafing, group size, unanimity, deindividuation,
Describe the 7 factors effecting conformity
NORMATIVE INFLUENCE- a persons tendency to go along with the group; if group member have similar chararctistics there will be a greater normative influence.
CULTURE- The difference between cultures
individualist culture; independence, where it is important for individuals to achieve there own goals
collectivist culture; individual goals are less important the group goals.
INFORMATIONAL INFLUENCE- participants want to provide a correct response but aren’t certain of their ability, believing others are more capable.
SOCIAL LOAFING the tendency of an individual to reduce their efforts when working in a group,
GROUP SIZE- conformity rates increased to a maximum with three or four confederates, and the remained about the same.
UNANIMITY- conformity rates dropped when one of the confederates gave the correct answer as the participant had someone w them.
DEINDIVUATION- when someone can not be indentiyed in the group.
What is helping behaviour?
behaviour that benefits other people and society in general- also called pro social behaviour.
Explanations of pro social behavior
biological (nature)- sees helping behaviour as genetic
Environmental(nurture)- helping behaviour is learned
Interaction- although we might be born with an innate, exactly how we help is of social learning.
Factors influencing helping behaviour
THE SITUATION ; location, perception, proximity, group or alone, emergency or not
SOCAIL NORMS- an action that is standardised and expected in society, they are learned and provide a background for human social interaction.
PERSONAL FACTORS; empathy, mood competence, altruism: selflessness even if there is nothing to be gained.
DEFINE N EXPLAIN- Bystander intervention and effect
BYSTANDER INTERVENTION- a person voluntary help someone;
BYSTANDER EFFECT- more likely to help others when they are alone then when others are around.
why does the bystander effect occur?
diffusion of responsibilty- someone else will do it
audience inhibition- self conscious
social influence- The behaviour of other people serves as a role model for our own behaviour. Also, other people can
exert pressure to act in a particular way
Proximity of the victim - how close the victim is to the
potential helper. The greater the distance the less likely to
help.
Nature of the bystander - moral development, past
experience, personality, mood etc
Cost-benefit analysis-Three stages a person goes through in assessing the pros
and cons of helping. (a)physiological arousal (b) labelling the arousal (c) evaluating the consequences
Deindividuation- More likely to commit anti social behaviour when they can’t be identified personally eg. crowd at football game
