Sac 1 Semester 2

Question 1

Trimester

Answer 1

A section of pregnancy that is defined by developmental milestones

Question 2

Zygote

Answer 2

A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of an ovum and sperm

Question 3

Blastocyst

Answer 3

A cluster of 64 cells where some cells differentiate

Question 4

Embryo

Answer 4

A developing baby during the second to eight week of pregnancy

Question 5

Birth process ( 3 stages )

Answer 5

1- Dilation of the cervix -
known as labour
muscles of the uterus wall start to contract
Baby’s head on cervix triggers oxytocin release

2- the birth -
Cervix is fully dilated (10cm) until delivery of baby

3- the afterbirth -
Expulsion of placenta

Question 6

prenatal development (3 stages)

Answer 6

Germinal - (0-2 weeks)
fertilisation ➡️ implantation
Zygote travels down the Fallopian tube whilst dividing, forms morula then forms a blastocyst which becomes the embryo and placenta.

Embryonic - (3-8 weeks)
Implantation ➡️ 8th week
cells differentiate, taking on specific roles such as skin, heart, bone. Most critical stage as the embryo is susceptible to teratogens and all vital organs form. Limbs start to grow. Risk developing genetic malfunctions, ectopic pregnancy.

Foetal - (9 - 38 weeks)
9th week ➡️Birth. Baby grows from a few centimetres to 50 Rapid growth, body systems mature and begin to function, the placenta is functioning by week 14

Question 7

Conception

Answer 7

When the sperm and egg meet in the Fallopian tube and form a zygote

Question 8

Role of the placenta

Answer 8

The placenta is located in the uterus, connected to the baby via umbilical cord
Role is to deliver oxygen nutrients and hormones and remove carbon dioxide and waste
Hormones include : oestrogen and progesterone
And HCG acts as a pregnancy signal by maintains progesterone production

Question 9

Morula

Answer 9

A solid ball of 16 cells, created from a zygote

Question 10

Cell differentiation

Answer 10

When cells take on specialised roles. Eg when a blastocyst inner cells become the embryo and the outer cells become the placenta

Question 11

Apgar scale

Answer 11

Assessment to evaluate the newborns condition :

Appearance
Pulse
Grimace (reflexes) 
Activity
Respiration

Question 12

Endometrium

Answer 12

Mucous membrane lining the uterus, where implantation of embryo occurs

Question 13

Implantation

Answer 13

The attachment of a blastocyst to the uterine wall

Question 14

Amnion

Answer 14

The innermost membrane that encloses the embryo (thin)

Question 15

Chorion

Answer 15

The outermost membrane that encloses the embryo

Question 16

Foetus

Answer 16

The developing baby within the 9- 38 weeks

Question 17

Umbilical cord

Answer 17

A flexible cord like structure containing blood vessels, attaching mother to the foetus

Question 18

Teratogens

Answer 18

An agent or environmental factor which causes a malformation of an embryo (e.g tobacco and alcohol)

Question 19

Neonate

Answer 19

A newborn child less than 4 weeks old (28 days)

Question 20

Adaption

Answer 20

The process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment

Question 21

Apgar scale

Answer 21

Appearance pulse grimace activity respiration. It is an assessment to evaluate a newborns condition

Question 22

Reflex

Answer 22

An action that is performed without conscious thought as a response to a stimulus

Question 23

Fontanelles

Answer 23

The spaces between the bones of a skull in an infant or foetus where ossification isn’t completed

Question 24

Folate

Answer 24

Folate required for :
Red blood cell formation 
DNA synthesis 
Cell growth 
Nervous system development 

Prevents Spina bifida

Question 25

Iodine

Answer 25

Mineral requires for
Promotion of optimal brain development
Promotion of nervous system development

Prevents stumped growth and intellectual disability

Question 26

Drug and alcohol

Answer 26

Causes (alcohol foetal syndrome) 
Damage to cns of baby 
Mental retardation 
Reduced blood flow to placenta 
Risk of premature birth 
Reduced growth

Question 27

Vaccinations

Answer 27

Rubella : can cause defects in brain, heart, lungs

Chickenpox : defects in eyes, skin and brain

Measles : risk of miscarriage, premature or still birth

Whooping cough : can cause pneumonia, seizures, death of baby

Question 28

Gestational diabetes

Answer 28

Placental hormones can block the mothers insulin action.
Risk factors are
older mothers
obesity
Family history
Risks : stillbirth, hypertension, miscarriage

Question 29

Low birth weight

Answer 29

Less than 2.5 kg

Babies can develop severe disabilities

Risk factors : multiple pregnancies and premature birth.