Saavedra and Silverman (aishah) [done]

Question 1

Whats expectancy learning?

Answer 1

its when a neutral object or event becomes associated with a threatening outcome

Question 2

Whats evaluative learning?

Answer 2

its when a previous neutral stimulus is now evaluated negatively
its treatment would include targeting not only fear but disgust as well

Question 3

did any of the studies previously target disgust?

Answer 3

yes, only one study targeted disgust and found it beneficial for fear/phobia reduction which was the Hepburn & Page study
in that, there were 47 non referred adults with symptoms of fear and disgust relating to blood injury

Question 4

what did de Jong et all discover?

Answer 4

ratings of disgust decreases with decrease in fear among spider phobics

Question 5

whats the sample of this study?

Answer 5

• 9yr old hispanic boy
• presented with mother to child anxiety and phobia program at Florida International university, Miami with avoidance of buttons
• consent from boy and mom
• later mom gave written consent for writing and publishing this study
• boy met DSM - IV criteria for button phobia

Question 6

Give me his life history related to his phobia

Answer 6

the participant was 5 years old in kindergarten and was doing an art project involving to buttons
when he ran out of buttons, his teacher told him to come to the front and get more from the large bowl at the teacher’s desk
when he reached for the bowl, his hand slipped and all buttons fell on him
this was a ‘distressing experience for him’ and after this, his avoidance of buttons kept on increasing

Question 7

what were some difficulties for him during his life related to buttons?

Answer 7

1. not being able to dress himself
2. difficult to concentrate in class as he was busy with not touching his school uniform or anything that his buttoned shirt touched
3. avoided wearing clothes with buttons outside of school
4. avoided contact with buttons that others wore

Question 8

how long was his phobia when he came for this study?

Answer 8

4 years

Question 9

What happened with the sample during age 5 to 9

Answer 9

• no incident that was a significant stressor or related to his phobia onset
• no possible adverse events like physical abuse
• he also didnt fit for DSM - IV OCD because his symptoms didnt include recurrent, persistent thoughts, impulses or images that maybe intrusive behavioural exposures

Question 10

how long did the treatment last for?

Answer 10

30 mins with the boy
20 mins with boy and mom

Question 11

name three things in fear/disgust hierarchy and its rating

Answer 11

large denim jean button: 2
small denim jean button: 3

Question 12

what were the most difficult buttons on the fear/disgust hierarchy

Answer 12

clear, small, plastic buttons usually found on shirt

Question 13

were his 4 sessions of vivo exposure task list successful?

Answer 13

they were partially successful as his approach towards buttons became higher ie he was able to manipulate more number of buttons as sessions passed
but his distress rate increased by every session

Question 13

were his 4 sessions of vivo exposure task list successful?

Answer 13

they were partially successful as his approach towards buttons became higher ie he was able to manipulate more number of buttons as sessions passed
but his distress rate increased by every session

Question 14

how were the findings from first way of treatment

Answer 14

the findings were unusual because treatment of specific phobias with CBT, generally with repeated exposure to feared stimulus would decrease the rating of distress over time

Question 14

how were the findings from first way of treatment

Answer 14

the findings were unusual because treatment of specific phobias with CBT, generally with repeated exposure to feared stimulus would decrease the rating of distress over time

Question 15

what happened in the second treatment?

Answer 15

in the second treatment he was meant of imagine buttons falling on him and tell how it looked, felt, smelled and how it made him feel.
it was successful in reducing boy’s subjective rating of distress

Question 16

how were the findings from first way of treatment

Answer 16

the findings were unusual because treatment of specific phobias with CBT, generally with repeated exposure to feared stimulus would decrease the rating of distress over time

Question 17

how were the findings from first way of treatment

Answer 17

the findings were unusual because treatment of specific phobias with CBT, generally with repeated exposure to feared stimulus would decrease the rating of distress over time

Question 18

what happened after the treatment was over

Answer 18

1. asked for 6 & 12 months follow up
2. minimal distress ober buttons
3. no longer met DSM-IV criteria for buttons

Question 19

what was the difference between behaviour exposure and disgust related imagery?

Answer 19

behaviour exposure was successful in reducing his avoidance but disgust-related imagery was more successful in reducing his distress
perhaps because the image exposed the children directly to disgust emotions as opposed to fear-related exposures that forces on merely presenting the child with the stimulus and not addressing the associated emotion

Question 20

what should clinicians remember?

Answer 20

disgust and evaluative learning with treating specific children phobias

Question 21

aim?

Answer 21

To investigate the cause of button phobia in a child.
To attempt to treat a child’s phobia via targeting both disgust and fear responses.

Question 22

what was the conclusion of this study

Answer 22

Disgust plays a key role in the development and maintenance of a phobia but a mixture of behavioural exposure and cognitive restructuring helped to eliminate the feelings of disgust.

Question 23

what are the 3 strengths and 3 weaknesses of this study?

Answer 23

STRENGTH:
1. Qualitative and quantitative data were both acquired in this study.
2. This is a case study and is focused on one person only hence detailed data was collected.
3. The study was conducted in a therapeutic setting and hence had ecological validity.

WEAKNESSES:
1. The study lacks mundane realism.
2. This was a case study and used only one participant, hence has a low generalizability.
3. The ratings are subjective and this lowers reliability.

Question 24

how were results from treatment measured?

Answer 24

Results from treatment were measured using the ‘Feelings Thermometer’ – a 9-point scale for disgust.

Question 25

what happened in the follow up?

Answer 25

After a 6 and 12-month follow-up, the boy reported:
1. minimal distress towards buttons
2. no longer met the criteria for button phobia
3. able to wear small clear buttons on his school uniform
—>buttons no longer affected his daily life.

Question 26

what was the positive reinforcement therapy

Answer 26

-a behavioural therapy based on operant conditioning
- Using positive reinforcement principles, contingency management was applied.
The boy was rewarded for showing less fear and for handling the buttons.
The mother provided positive reinforcement if the boy successfully completed the gradual exposure to buttons.
Sessions lasted for about 30 minutes with the boy alone, and 20 minutes with the boy and his mother.

Question 27

discuss about children used in studies with reference to Sarvendra and Silverman

Answer 27

The boy and the mother gave informed consent. The study was highly distressing however, researchers aimed to improve his quality of life which may justify the temporary distress caused during the treatment.