Bandura et al. (aishah) [done]

Question 1

What was lacking in the previous study that Bandra was able to complete?

Answer 1

prior studies showed that children imitated the adult model’s behvaiour in the presence of the model but Bandra believed that imitative learning involves the generalisation of imitative responses to new settings where the model is absent, so to test that he did his study.

Question 2

What behaviour did Bandra’s study focus on?

Answer 2

undesirable, antisocial behaviour named aggression

Question 3

What is social learning theory?

Answer 3

it states that children develop thru learning from other people around them

Question 4

What’s the aim of the study?

Answer 4

• to show that if children were passive witnesses to an aggressive display by an adult, they would imitate this behaviour when given the opportunity.

Question 5

What was the hypothesis?

Answer 5

• Observed aggressive behaviour will be imitated.
• Observed non-aggressive behaviour will be imitated.
• Children are more likely to copy a same-sex model.
• Boys will be more likely to copy aggression than girls.

Question 6

describe the sample of the study

Answer 6

1. 72 kids: 36 boys and 36 girls
2. standfort university nursery school
3. age range: 37-69 months
4. mean age: 52 months

Question 7

people involved in the study?

Answer 7

• 72 kids
• 2 models: one female and one male
• 1 female experimenter

Question 8

describe the experimenter design

Answer 8

there were 72 kids who were equally divided into control, aggressive and non-aggressive condition
each condition had a male and female model, and each model had kids of the same sex and opposite sex looking

Question 9

what kind of model was the control condition exposed to

Answer 9

no model

Question 10

DV?

Answer 10

imitative learning

Question 11

were the kids randomly assigned to the 3 conditions?

Answer 11

no
proir to the study the children were matched individually on the basis pf ratings of their aggressive behaviour on 4 5-point scale by the experimenter and nursery school teacher to increase precision and were arranged in triplets

Question 12

What was the conclusion of this study?

Answer 12

• Observation and imitation cause behaviour to be learnt without reinforcement.
• Observed aggressive behaviours are imitated.
• Observed non-aggressive behaviours are imitated.
• Children are more likely to copy a same-sex model.
• Boys are more likely to copy aggression than girls.

Question 13

Describe the part of the experiment one that was common for all conditions

Answer 13

1. subjects bought in the room
2. model waited outside and then was invited to join in on the game
3. experimenter escorted the subject to one corner which was structured on the subject’s play area - same table.
4. experimenter showed how subjects could design pics with potato prints and were given multicolour, attractive stickers
5. experimenter escorted the model to the opposite corner where there was a small table, a chair, a tinker toy set, a mallet, 5 foot inflated Bobo doll

Question 14

what did the children do in the non aggressive condition?

Answer 14

they assembled the tinker toy set and totally ignored the bobo doll

Question 15

What did the model do in the aggressive condition

Answer 15

• They put the doll on its side, sat on it and punched it in the nose
• They hit it on the head with a mallet
• They tossed it up in the air and kicked it
• Aggressive verbal comments: “Kick him”, “Sock him”, etc
• Non-aggressive verbal comments: “He sure is a tough fella”, “He keeps coming back for more.”
• These aggressive behaviours were performed in the same way and repeated 3 times over 9 minutes.

Question 16

give examples of some verbal actions

Answer 16

1. sock him in the nose
2. hit him down
3. throw him in the air
4. kick him

Question 17

name some of the attractive toys in the other room

Answer 17

1. locomotive
2. cable car
3. baby crib
4. doll set complete with wardrobe
5. doll carriage

Question 18

why did the experimenter have to be in the room during the experiment 3

Answer 18

1. children refused to remain alone
2. they would leave before termination of the session

Question 19

describe the non-imitative toys in the last experiment

Answer 19

1. crayons
   2 tea set
   3 ball
   4 three bears
   5 trucks

Question 20

ethical issues in this study

Answer 20

Some children might have been harmed by becoming more aggressive. Children had been mildly annoyed, which could be psychologically distressing.
Children didn’t have the opportunity to consent or withdraw. As the study may have caused distress to the children, this is a key ethical issue. The headteacher was aware, but the parents’ consent is missing.

Question 21

why and what were the new categories

Answer 21

many didnt perform the complete act thats why new categories were added
for example:
- mallet aggression
- sits on bobo doll
- punches bobo doll

Question 22

what were the non imitative verbal aggression comments?

Answer 22

• cut him
• shoot the bobo
• knock over people
• horses fighting, biting
• stupid ball

Question 23

what were the results of the study?

Answer 23

1. aggressive condition kids were far more aggressive and their mean score was a lot higher
2. 70% of the kids in non-aggressive and control had a score of 0
3. 1/3 of the people in aggressive condition repeated the model’s non-aggressive verbal response but none did so in non-aggressive and control
4. subs used mallets aggressively towards objects other than Bobo, especially the girls
5. treatment conditions did not influence the extent to which subjs engaged in gunplay

Question 24

is it correct to say that boys are more prone to aggression than girls relating that to this study

Answer 24

it would be partially correct because boys were more physically aggressive but that cannot be said for verbal aggression

Question 25

what differences were there in the behaviour of control and non aggressive kids

Answer 25

other than the fact control condition was a lot more involved in the mallet aggression, there is no significant difference between the two

Question 26

describe the subjects behaviour in non aggressive male model

Answer 26

• less physical and verbal aggression
• less mallet aggression
• less non imitative physical and verbal
• less inclined to punch bobo

Question 27

describe the gender differences

Answer 27

• Boys imitated more physical aggression than girls overall.
• Both boys and girls imitated verbal aggression in similar amounts
• Boys who observed an aggressive Male model exhibited:
  1. more physical imitative aggression
  2. verbal imitative aggression
  3. non-imitative aggression
  4. aggressive gun play
  compared to girls who observed an aggressive Male model.
• Girls who observed an aggressive Female model exhibited more verbal imitative
  aggression and non-imitative aggression that the boys who observed an aggressive
  Female model.
• In general, the Male model had a greater influence on the children’s behaviour than
  the female model.

Question 28

were there demand characteristics in this study

Answer 28

Children were observed behind a one-way mirror so they should have been unaware
and thus act normally in the room, hence reducing demand characteristics.

Question 29

describe the quantitative and qualitative data of this study

Answer 29

1. QUANTITATIVE DATA
   Objective record of imitative behaviour
   Data was collected immediately only during the experiment, no subsequent follow-up means that long-term effects could not be
   measured.
2. QUALITATIVE DATA
   Subjective spontaneous verbal comments that children gave which explained their tendency to copy some behaviours.

Question 30

describe the 4 scales used to check for the aggression level of kids

Answer 30

1) Physical aggression
2) Verbal aggression
3) Aggression towards inanimate objects
4) Aggression inhibition

Question 31

describe the 4 scales used to check for the aggression level of kids

Answer 31

1) Physical aggression
2) Verbal aggression
3) Aggression towards inanimate objects
4) Aggression inhibition

Question 32

Why is there a need for an Aggression Arousal room?

Answer 32

• Watching aggressive behaviours may reduce aggression by the observer, so the experimenter had to create aggression arousal to see if the observer was actually learning.
• Even the non-aggression and control condition children experienced this aggression arousal so that they would be more likely to express aggression and if there was any reduction in aggression due to their conditions, then it could be measured.