SA_chap2 Flashcards
What are the stages of CNS development
Blastogenesis, gastrulation, dorsal induction, ventral induction, neural proliferation, neuronal migration and then axonal myelination.
Blastogenesis
Days 1-13
Development from a fertilized embryo ito a bilaminar blastocyst implanted in the uterus with amniotic and yolk sacs
Gastrulation
Gastrulation occurs from day 14-17. During gastrulation the bilaminar disc is converted into a trilaminar disc including integration of bilateral notochordal anlagen into a single notochordal process and segmental notochordal formation.
Dorsal induction
Dorsal induction Day 17-28. Formation and closure of the neural tube by primary neurulation. The three primary brain vesicles develop during this period. The mesecephalic flexure develops by day 21 and the cervical flexure develops by day 28. The pontine flexure forms on day 32.
Secondary neurulation
Secondary neurulation occurs during day 28-48. At this time the neural tube caudal to the posterior neuropore is formed from mesenchyme by cavitation.
Ventral induction
Ventral induction occurs during the 5th to 10th week. The three primary brain vesicles - prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon - differentiation into five vesicles.
Prosencephalon into telencephalon and diencephalon. The rhobencephalon into the metencephalon and myelencencephalon. The mesencephalon stays as is.
Neuronal proliferation and migration
Neural proliferation occurs during weeks 6-12. Neuroblasts proliferate in the subependymal zone of the neural tube adjacent to the central canal of the spinal cord or the ventricles of the brain. Neuronal migration starts around week 8. Neurons use radial glial cell fibers as scaffolds to reach the cortical or subcortical layers.
When do myelination, synaptogenesis and synaptic elimination occur.
Myelination starts at 6 months and ends in adulthood.
Synaptogensis starts in week 20.
Synaptic elimination starts 12 months postnatally.
Defects in gastrulation cause:
Defects in gastrulation will affect the development and differentiation of all three primary cell layers and cause abnormalities from the occiput downwards including:
- Split cord malformations
- Spina bifida
- Dermoid and epidermoid cysts.
- Neurenteric cysts
- Intestinal duplication
- Anterior meningoceles
The primitive streak forms when?
Day 14-15. Thus it forms during gastrulation.
It arises from thickened epiblast/ectoderm.
Dorsal induction includes what processes
Primary and secondary neurulation. The formation of the true notochord and neural tube.
Fusion of the neural tube first occurs where
At the level of the 4th somite which represents the future CCJ.
The anterior and posterior neuropores close when
Day 24-26 and 26-28 respectively. The former will give rise to the lamina terminalis. The latter does not actually represent the most caudal aspect of the spinal cord. That is formed during secondary neurulation.
The neural crest gives rise to
Branchial arch derivatives
Dorsal Roots
Dorsal Root Ganglia
Autonomic ganglia
Adrenergic cells
Note that the neural crest is formed from the edges of the neural folds during closure to form the neural tube.
What is disjunction
Occurs after neural tube closure and is the separation of the overlying superficial ectoderm from dorsally migrating mesenchyme which forms meninges and the neural arches of the vertebrae and paraspinal muscles.
The lower sacral and coccygeal components of the neural tube are formed during
Secondary neurulation. Days 28-48. This involves canalization of a caudal mesenchymal mass and retrogressive differentiation of the rest of the mass into the tip of the conus medullaris and filum terminale.
The three primary brain vesicles are formed during
Dorsal induction
What are the three developmental flexures
The cephalic, cervical and pontine flexures.
The first two are ventral, while the pontine flexure is dorsal in nature. The cephalic flexure occurs first between the diencephalon and mesencephalon. The cervical between the myelencephalon anf spinal cord. The pontine between the metencephalon and myelencephlon.
These flexures are all formed by te 8th week.
Disorders of ventral induction result in
Holoprosencephaly, olfactory aplasia, agenesis of the corpus callosum, agenesis of the septum pellucidum, septo-optic dysplasia and vermian dysgenesis/Dandy Walker spectrum disorders.
The diencephalon gives rise to
The thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, optic cups, mamillary bodies, and neurohypophysis
Migration of granule cells of the cerebellum takes place along
Bergman radial glia
Mossy fiber input is from
brainstem nuclei
Climbing fiber input is from
Inferior olivary nuclei
The cerebellum develops between weeks
8-15
What are the roles of SHH, Wnt, FGF8 and BMP4/7 in development
SHH: secreted by the notochord and floor plate - downregulates PAX3 and 7 expression in the midline and ventral half of the neural tube. Dorsoventral patterning.
Wnt - dorsoventral patterning. Active in the midline and dorsal portion of the neural tube.
FGF8 - secreted by the anterior neural ridge and induces brain factor 1 expression to induce telencephalon formation.
BMP4/7 maintain PAX expression in the dorsal neural tube and promote alar plate formation.
What are the four major layers in the developing neural tube
Central Canal
Ventricular layer - produces neural cells, then glia then ependymal cells. All other layers come from this layer
Mantle layer - contains post-mitotic neurons, will form the gray matter
Marginal layer - contains axons of neurons, will form the white matter. Initially the outermost layer, developmental folding will take it subcortical in position.
Commisural formation
Commissural formation takes place from weeks 7-9. The commissures form from the commissural plate which is a thickening at the cranial end of the telencephalon. The anterior commissure forms first, then the hippocampal commissure then the corpus callosum (genu first, splenium last)
The spinal cord grey matter is formed form neurons within the ______ layer during embryogenesis
Mantle layer
Neurons in the mantle layer of the developmental spinal cord develop into …..
In week 4 the neurons in the mantle layer of the spinal cord develop into the alar columns dorsally and the basal columns ventrally. These meet laterally at the sulcus limitans, dorsally the alar columns form the roof plate and ventrally the basal columns form the floor plate.
The alar columns become..
The alar columns which are dorsal will eventally become the association neurons, receive afferent neurons and develop reflex arcs.
The basal columns develop into
The basal columns which are ventral will eventually become the somatic motor neurons
The intermediolateral cell columns develop from
The dorsal most aspect of the ventral columns to give rise to the autonomic system
The adenohypophsis originates from what
A diverticulum called the infundibulum develops in the floor of the third ventricle and grows ventrally to the stomodeum - ectodermal lined future mouth opening.
Simultaneously an ectodermal thickening/placode from the roof of the stomodeum invaginated to form a diverticulum - Rathke’s pouch - which grows towards the infundibulum. This will ultimately lose its connection with the stomodeum and appose the infundibulum
The anterior portion becomes the adenohypophysis, the posterior portion becomes the pars intermedia.
Embyrologically the brainstem nuclei result from which columns?
There are four brainstem colums - two basal/medial columns and two alar/lateral columns.
The basal columns are responsible for GSE, SVE, and GVE (medial to lateral). GSE = extrinsic ocular muscles and muscles of the tongue. SVE/branchial efferent - striated muscle derived from neural crest, 5/7/9/10/11. GVE - parasympathetic outflow - 3,9,10 - EW nuclei, salivatory nuclei and the dorsal vagal motor nuclei.
The alar columns are lateral and are responsible for GVA, SVA, SSA, GSA.
GVA - cranial nerve 10 - thoracoabdominopelvic viscera sensation.
SVA - taste 7 and 9
SSA - hearing and balance - 8
GSA - somatic sensation from the head and neck, 5,7,9, 10.
The germinal matrix has high levels of
Tissue plasminogen activator. Explains why it has a high hemorrhage risk.
When do the fontanelles close.
There are six fontanelles. Anterior, posterior and bilateral sphenoid and mastoid.
The posterior closes at 3 months
The sphenoid at 6 months.
The mastoid at 6-18 months
The anterior by 7-19 months
The main function of the notochord is to
Initiate neurulation
What are somites
Transient segmented structures which are derived from the paraxial mesoderm and contain progenitors of the axial skeleton, trunk musculature, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, brown adipose tissue and meninges
Somites undergo what transformation
Shortly after forming somites undergo a epithelial to mesenchymal transformation to form the sclerotome ventromedially - this is the future vertebrae and ribs, while the dorsal part forms the dermomyotome which is the future skin and muscle.
The vertebral body arises from the ….
The vertebral arch and spinous process arises from the …
Sclerotome
Dermomyotome
Sclerotomes
The sclerotome arises from the ventromedial portion of the somites and gives rise to the vertebral body. It is divided into cranial and caudal portions by an intersegmental boundary known as von Ebner’s fissure. The caudal portion is denser and cells can only migrate to the cranial portion of the sclerotome which allows for segmenation of the peripheral nervous system.
Sclerotomes will eventually split along von Ebner’s fissure and the caudal segment of each sclerotome fuses with the adjacent cranial segment to form a vertebrae. This is known as resegmenation
Nucleus pulposos has a ……origin.
Annulus fibrosis has a …..origin
Notochord
Sclerotomal
