SA_chap1 Flashcards
Central tegmental tract
connects the rostral solitary nucleus to the medial thalamic VPM and the red nucleus to the inferior olive
Medial forebrain bundle
connects the septal area, hypothalamus, basal olfactory areas, hippocampus and subiculum to the midbrain, pons and medulla.
Stria medularis
Connects the septal area, hypothalamus, olfactory area and anterior thalamus to the habenulum.
Stria terminalis
amygdala to the hypothalamus
Postcommisural Fornix
Hippocampus to the cingulate gyrus
Nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca/vertical limb
septal nuclei to the hippocampus
Retinohypothalamic tract
retinal ganglion cells to the suprachiasmatic nuclei and other hypothalamic nuclei
Supraopticohypophyseal
connects the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei to the neurohypophysis/posterior pituitary
Tuberoinfundibular or tuberohypophyseal tract
Neuroendocrine neurons from the arcuate nucleus to the hypophyseal portal system - release dopamine and GHRH
Trapezoid body
Ventral cochlear nuclei to the contralateral superior olive
Thalamic fasciculus - FFH1
combines the ansa lenticularis, lenticular fasciculus and cerebellothalamic tract to the VA/VL thalamus
Nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca/horizontal limb
septal nuclei to the amygdala
Mammillothalamic tract
Mamillary bodies to the anterior thalamic nuclei
Tapetum
Corpus callosal fibers to the occipital lobes
White rami communicans
Contain preganglionic myelinated sympathetics fibers from the intermediolateral nucleus exiting the spinal cord going to the paravertebral ganglia of the sympathetic trunk
Gray Rami Communicans
Contain unmyelinated postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the paravertebral ganglia which are then received by the spinal nerves and then travel out to an effector organ
Lesions of the STN cause
Hemiballismus
What regions/tracts are responsible for inhibiting extensor action in the arms and legs
- Cortical inhibition of lateral vestibular nucleus/vestibulospinal tract 2. Cortical inhibition of the pontine reticular formation 3. Projections from the red nucleus to the spinal cord (stop at the cervical level.) (Rubrospinal projections) 4. Medullary reticular formation
Disconnection lesions above the red nucleus result in
Decorticate posturing
Disconnection lesions below the red nucleus result in
Decerebrate posturing
The veins which drain into the cavernous sinus are:
- Superior and inferior ophthalmic veins 2. Superficial middle cerebral vein 3. Sphenoparietal sinus.
The persistent trigeminal artery runs from what to what
The cavernous ICA, proximal to the meningohypophyseal trunk to the mid basilar artery between the SCA and AICA. Seen in 0.1-0.6% of people.
The Hering-Breuer reflex is mediated by
Cranial nerve 10 which sends afferent information to the medullary inspiratory center and pontine apneustic center to control the depth of breathing.
Annulus of Zinn contents:
Annulus of Zinn is a fibrous ring continuous with the dura of the middle cranial fossa. It contains - Optic nerve, ophthalmic artery, superior and inferior division of cranial nerve 3, nasociliary division of V1 and the abducens nerve.
How many primary and secondary ossification centers are typically seen in each vertebrae
3 primary. 5 secondary.
What are the three stages of vertebral column development
- Mesenchymal - formation of sclerotomes and myotomes. The former give rise to centrum aka primordial vertebral body
- Cartilaginous - chrondrification centers arise in the centrum and vertebral arches.
- Bony - ossification. 3 primary and 5 secondary (after puberty)
What are splanchnic nerves
Preganglionic myelinated sympathetic nerve fibers which arised from the intermediolateral column, exited via the white rami communicans and then passed through the sympathetic ganglia without synpasing before going onto the prevertebral ganglia.
Seen in the abdominal and pelvic sympathetic innervation which arises from T4-L2 (go to the celiac and hypogastric plexi) and T10-L2 (go to the pelvic plexus) respectively.
What are the nervi erigentes
The nervis erigentes represent the sacral parasympathetic outflow. They arise off of the anterior rami of S2, S3 and S4 and are essentially pelvic splanchnic nerves. They provide
- visceromotor to rectal muscles, inibition to the internal anal sphincter
- motor to the bladder wall, inhibition to the internal vesicle sphincter
- vasodilator to the cavernous sinuses of the penis and clitoris
Where do parasympathetic sensory afferents synpase?
- The nucleus solitarius - located in the medulla and receieved parasympathetic sensory afferent fibers from the GI, respiratory, cardiac, mouth and pharynx regions via cranial nerves 7, 9 and 10.
- Sacral parasympathetic sensory afferents terminate in the S2-S4 gray matter.
What are the segments of the internal carotidNext
Cervical. Petrous. Lacerum. Cavernous. Clinoidal. Ophthalmic/supraclinoidal. Communicating.
What are the three branches of the meningohypophyseal artery
The inferior hypophyseal artery, the tentotial artery/B&C, the dorsal clival artery
What does the inferolateral trunk of the cavernous sinus supply
The 3rd, 4th and 6th cranial nerves as well as the gasserian ganglia and the dura of the cavernous sinus.
Which arteries supply the following regions:
A: Medial lenticulostriates - head of the caudate
B: Lateral lenticulostriates - globus pallidus and anterior limb of the IC
C: Thalamoperforating arteries
D: Medial posterior choroidal arteries
E: Thalamogeniculate arteries
F: Anterior choroidal artery (genu and posterior limb of the IC)
What are the cranial parasympathetic ganglia
Ciliary ganglia
Pterygopalatine ganglia
Otic Ganglia
Submandibular ganglia
Parasympathetic innveration for pupillary constriction
The Edinger-Westphal nucleus lies in the midbrain and is the origin of parasympathetic innervation to the ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae. It sends preganglionic parasympathetic fibers via cranial nerve 3, to the ciliary ganglion which are on the ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae.
The superior salivatory nuclei contains
SALVIATORY and LACRIMATORY nuclei.
Motor innervation of the salivary glands from the superior salivary nuclei
The salivatory nuclei from the superior salivatory nucleus sends it fibers via the nervus intermedius but within the geniculate ganglion they organize and continue on with the chorda tympani which then runs with/joins the lingual nerve and synapses in the submandibular ganglion where it then goes on to innervate the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.
Lacrimal gland innervation
The superior salivary sends preganglionic parasympathetic fibers via the nervus intermedius - these fibers then PASS THROUGH the GENICULATE GANGLION - they do not synapse there. The fibers which originated from the lacrimatory nuclei continue on as the GSPN, which merges with the deep petrosal to form the nerve of the Vidian canal. These parasympathetic fibers then synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion before going on to innervate the lacrimal glands and the mucosae of the nose and mouth.
Motor innervation of the parotid gland
The inferior salivatory nucleus lies in the medulla caudal to the superior salivary nuclei and rostral to the dorsal nucleus of 10 and sends preganglionic fibers via cranial nerve 9, which then leave via the tympanic nerve, pass through the tympanic plexus and exit as the lesser superficial petrosal nerve which then goes on to synapse on the otic ganglion. Post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the otic ganglion then travel within the auriculotemporal nerve to the parotid gland.
What is the difference in the course of the ansa lenticularis and the lenticular fasciculus
While both the ansa lenticularis and the lenticular fasciculus connect the GPi to the thalamus. The ansa lenticularis travels around the posterior limb of the internal capsule the lenticular fasciculus travels through it.
What tract connects the bilateral lateral lemniscus
The commissure of Probst. Really it connects the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and the inferior colliculus to the corresponding structure on the contralateral side.
Name the regions of the thalamus
A. Anterior nucleus
B. Ventral Anterior nucleus
C. Lateral dorsal nuclei
D. Ventral lateral nucleus (o)
E. Ventral lateral nucleus (c)
F. Lateral posterior nucleus
G. Ventral posterolateral and ventral posteromedial nuclei
H. Magnocellular component of the mediodorsal nuclei
I. Parvocellular component of the mediodorsal nuclei
J. Pulvinar
K. Lateral geniculate nucleys
L. Medial geniculate nucleus
The centromedian and parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus lies within the intralaminar nuclei.
The medial and lateral geniculate nuclei are responsible for…
Medial geniculate nuclei - part of the auditory thalamus and represents the thalamic relay between the inferior colliculus and the auditory cortex
Lateral geniculate nuclei - part of the visual thalamus and connects input from the retinal ganglion cells to the the primary visual cortex.
Organization of the lateral geniculate nuclei
The LGN has two major layers - the magnocellular layer (layers 1 and 2), and the parvocellular layer (layers 3,4,5 and 6).
Each LGN receives input from both eyes but one visual field
Ipsilateral eye: Layers 2,3, and 5
Contralateral eye: Layers 1,4, and 6
The magnocellular layer is necessary for perception of movement and depth and receives input from RODS/Y-ganglion cells. Fast conductions
The parvocellular layer is necessary for the perception of color and receives input from CONES/X-ganglion cells. Moderate velocity.
Which portion of the thalamus receives input from the mamillary bodies
The anterior thalamic nuclei
Which regions of the thalamic nuclei are involved in sensation
The ventral posterior nuclei.
VPM -> Face
VPL -> rest of the body
The indusium griseum covers the
The indusium griseum is a thin layer of grey matter which covers the corpus callosum and is continuous with the cingulate gyrus laterally.
What are the other names for the superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles
Brachium conjunctivum, brachium pontis, and restiform/juxtarestiformbodies respectively.
The dorsal longitudinal fasciculus connects:
The dorsal longitudinal fasciculus connects the periventricular hypothalamus and mammillary bodies to the midbrain central gray.
The orbitofrontal gyrus and the anterior temporal lobe are connected by the
Uncinate fasciculus
Crossing fibers from the pretectal nuclei for the consensual light reflex run within the
Posterior commissure
a, Edinger-Westphal nucleus; b, Oculomotor nucleus; c, Trochlear nucleus; d, Trigeminal motor nucleus; e, Abducens nucleus; f, Facial motor nucleus; g, Salivatory nuclei (superior); h, Salivatory nuclei (inferior); i, Dorsal vagal motor nucleus; j, Nucleus ambiguous; k, Hypoglossal nucleus; l, Trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus; m, Trigeminal main sensory nucleus; n, Trigeminal spinal nucleus; o, Dorsal cochlear nucleus; p, Nucleus of tractus solitaries.
What are the three sensory nuclei of the trigeminal nucleus.
The mesencephalic nucleus of 5 (most rostral): - Proproception to the face and the jaw jerk reflex
The principal sensory nucleus of 5 (middle): Light touch and discriminative sensation. Relays to the contralateral VPM for most of the face via the trigeminal lemniscus. The oral cavity travels to the ipsilateral VPM via the dorsal trigeminothalamic tract.
The spinal trigeminal nucleus (most caudal): Crude touch, pain and temperature from the face to the VPM.
The lingual gyrus is continuous anteriorly with the
Parahippocampal gyrus. The two are separated from the fusiform gyrus laterally by the collateral sulcus.
a, Central sulcus; b, Posterior paracentral gyrus; c, Marginal sulcus; d, Precuneus; e, Parieto-occipital sulcus; f, Cuneus; g, Hippocampal commissure; h, Calcarine sulcus; i, Occipital pole; j, Lingual gyrus; k, Isthmus of cingulate gyrus; l, Pineal; m, Occipitotemporal gyri; n, Collateral sulcus; o, Posterior commissure; p, Parahippocampal gyrus; q, Uncus; r, Optic chiasm; s, Temporal pole; t, Lamina terminalis; u, Anterior commissure; v, Subcallosal area; w, Fornix; x, Frontal pole; y, Callosal sulcus; z, Cingulate gyrus; a1, Cingulate sulcus; b1, Superior frontal gyrus; c1, Paracentral sulcus; d1, Anterior paracentral gyrus.
a, Anterior medullary velum; b, Middle cerebellar peduncle; c, Median sulcus of rhomboid fossa; d, Striae medullares; e, Foramen of Luschka; f, Hypoglossal trigone; g, Vagal trigone; h, Tela choroidea (cut edge); i, Gracile tubercle; j, Superior cerebellar peduncle; k, Medial eminence of fourth ventricle; l, Facial colliculus; m, Superior fovea; n, Vestibular area; o, Lateral recess; p, Sulcus limitans; q, Restiform body; r, Inferior fovea; s, Cuneate tubercle.
a, Gracile fasciculus; b, Gracile nucleus; c, Cuneate fasciculus; d, Cuneate nucleus; e, Spinal trigeminal: Nucleus (pars caudalis); f, Spinothalamic tract; g, Internal arcuate fibers; h, Reticular formation; i, Lateral reticular nucleus; j, Hypoglossal nerve; k, Pyramid (corticospinal fibers); l, Central canal; m, Central gray; n, Solitary nucleus and tract; o, Dorsal motor vagal nucleus; p, Posterior spinocerebellar fibers; q, Accessory cuneate nucleus; r, Hypoglossal nucleus; s, Nucleus ambiguous; t, Anterolateral system; u, Medial longitudinal fasciculus; v, Tectobulbospinal system; w, Principal olivary nucleus; x, Medial accessory olivary nucleus; y, Medial lemniscus.
a, Medial vestibular nucleus; b, Inferior vestibular nucleus; c, Reticular formation; d, Hypoglossal nerve; e, Spinal trigeminal: Nucleus (pars interpolaris); f, Tract; g, Anterior spinocerebellar tract; h, Lateral reticular nucleus; i, Hypoglossal nerve; j, Pyramid (corticospinal fibers); k, Choroid plexus and fourth ventricle; l, Hypoglossal nucleus; m, Sulcus limitans; n, Dorsal motor vagal nucleus; o, Accessory cuneate nucleus; p, Solitary tract and nucleus; q, Restiform body; r, Medial longitudinal fasciculus; s, Tectobulbospinal system; t, Nucleus ambiguous; u, Rubrospinal tract; v, Anterolateral system; w, Posterior accessory olivary nucleus; x, Principal olivary nucleus; y, Medial accessory olivary nucleus; z, Medial lemniscus.
Rostral Medulla
A is the medial vestibular nucleus. B is the inferior vestibular nucleus. C is the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle. D and E are the anterior and posterior cochlear nuclei respectively. F and G are the spinal trigeminal nucleus (pars oralis) and spinal trigeminal tract respectively. H is the vestibulocochlear nerve. I is the glossopharyngeal nerve. J is the anterior spinocerebellar nerve. K is the principal olivary nucleus. L is the anterior trigeminothalamic fibers. M are the medullary pyramids/corticospinal fibers. N is the fourth ventricle and the choroid plexus. N is the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi which is involved in horizontal gaze.. P is the MLF. Q is the tectobulbospinal tract. R is the inferior salivatory nucleus which lies in between - S - the solitary nucleus and tract and MLF/tectobulbospinal tract. T is the reticular formation. U is the rubrospinal tract. V is the anterolateral/spinothalamic system. Nucleus ambiguus is W. X and Y are the posterior and medial accessory olivary nucleus and Z is the MLF.
a, Medial longitudinal fasciculus; b, Tectobulbospinal system; c, Internal genu of facial nerve; d, Superior salivatory nucleus; e, Spinal trigeminal: Tract; f, Spinal trigeminal: Nucleus (pars oralis); g, Facial nucleus; h, Facial nerve; i, Rubrospinal tract; j, Superior olivary nucleus; k, Central tegmental tract; l, Transverse pontine fibers (pontocerebellar); m, Corticospinal fibers; n, Nucleus raphe magnus; o, Facial colliculus; p, Abducens nucleus; q, Inferior cerebellar peduncle: Juxtarestiform body; r, Inferior cerebellar peduncle: Restiform body; s, Vestibular nuclei: Superior; t, Vestibular nuclei: Medial; u, Vestibular nuclei: Lateral; v, Solitary tract and nucleus; w, Anterolateral system; x, Anterior trigeminothalamic tract; y, Medial lemniscus; z, Abducens nerve; a1, Pontine nuclei; b1, Trapezoid body.
a, Tectobulbospinal system; b, Brachium conjunctivum; c, Mesencephalic tract; d, Mesencephalic nucleus; e, Trigeminal nuclei: Principal sensory; f, Trigeminal nuclei: Motor; g, Reticulotegmental nucleus; h, Brachium pontis; i, Rubrospinal tract; j, Transverse pontine fibers (pontocerebellar); k, Pontine nuclei; l, Corticospinal fibers; m, Nucleus raphe pontis; n, Medial longitudinal fasciculus; o, Fourth ventricle; p, Locus ceruleus; q, Anterior spinocerebellar fibers; r, Lateral lemniscus; s, Anterolateral system; t, Central tegmental tract; u, Anterior trigeminothalamic fibers; v, Medial lemniscus; w, Pontine nuclei.
a, Periaqueductal gray; b, Mesencephalic tract and nucleus; c, Locus ceruleus; d, Medial longitudinal fasciculus; e, Tectobulbospinal system; f, Anterior trigeminothalamic fibers; g, Rubrospinal tract; h, Corticospinal fibers; i, Frenulum; j, Fourth ventricle-cerebral aqueduct transition; k, Trochlear nerve; l, Posterior raphe nucleus; m, Brachium conjunctivum; n, Central tegmental tract; o, Anterolateral system; p, Medial lemniscus; q, Middle cerebellar peduncle; r, Pontine nuclei; s, Central superior nucleus (of the raphe).
a, Trochlear nucleus; b, Medial longitudinal fasciculus; c, Mesencephalic tract and nucleus; d, Posterior trigeminothalamic fibers; e, Reticular formation; f, Anterior trigeminothalamic fibers; g, Parieto-, occipito-, and temporopontine fibers; h, Corticospinal fibers; i, Corticonuclear (corticobulbar) fibers; j, Frontopontine fibers; k, Tectobulbospinal system; l, Cerebral aqueduct; m, Periaqueductal gray; n, Inferior colliculus: Pericentral nucleus; o, Inferior colliculus: External nucleus; p, Inferior colliculus: Central nucleus; q, Lateral lemniscus; r, Posterior raphe nucleus; s, Anterolateral system; t, Central tegmental tract; u, Medial lemniscus; v, Decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle; w, Substantia nigra; x, Crus cerebri; y, Rubrospinal fibers; z, Interpeduncular nucleus.
A is the posterior tegmental decussation. B is the MLF which lies adjacent and anterolateral to - O - the oculomotor nucleus. G is the oculomotor nerve. C is the mesencephalic tract and nucleus. D is posterior trigeminothalamic fibers. E is the central tegmental tract. F is the anterior trigeminothalamic fibers. H are the parieto/occipito/temporo - pontine fibers. I and J are the corticospinal and corticobulbar fibers respectively. K is the frontopontine fibers. L is the interpeduncular nucleus. M is the cerebral aqueduct. N is the periaqueductal gray. O is the oculomotor nucleus. P is the superior colliculus. Q if the spinotectal fibers. R is the anterolateral system/spinothalamic fibers. U is the medial lemniscus. V are cerebellothalamic fibers. The SN- pars reticulata is W and the SN-pars compacta is X. Note that the pars reticulata is anterior to the pars compacta. Crus cerebri - Y. Red nucleus is Z. The anterior tegmental decussation is A1.
A is the Edinger-Westphal preganglionic nucleus. B is the Edinger-Westphal centrally projecting nucleus. C is the oculomotor nucleus. D is the mesencephalic tract and nucleus. E is the Pulvinar. F is the brachium of the superior colliculus which runs into the lateral geniculate nucleus - H. I is the optic tract lateral and anterior to the lateral geniculate nucleus. G are the posterior and anterior trigeminothalamic tracts. J are all the corticopontine fibers with the exception of the frontopontine fibers. K and L are corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts, M are the frontopontine fibers. N is the oculomotor nerve. O is the cerebral aqueduct. P is the periaqueductal gray. Q is the MLF. R is the superior colliculus and S is the anterolateral system/spinothalamic tract. T is the medial geniculate nucleus. U is the brachium of the inferior colliculus. V is the medial lemniscus. W are cerebellothalamic fibers. X and Y are the substantia nigra pars reticulata and compacta respectively. Z are the crus cerebri. A1 is the central tegmental tract and B1 is the red nucleus
