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Review Cards for NSGY Self Assesment > export_cortical anatomy > Flashcards

export_cortical anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

How many cortical neurons are present in the brain

A

14 billion

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2
Q

What are some neuronal cell types

A
  1. Stellate
  2. Fusiform
  3. Pyramidal
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3
Q

What are some excitatory neurotransmitters

A
  1. Glutamate

2. Aspartate

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4
Q

What are some inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

GABA

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5
Q

How many layers are there in the neocortex

A

6

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6
Q

How many layers are there in the allocortex

A

3

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7
Q

Where in the brain is the allocortex located?

A
  1. Olfactory cortex
  2. Hippocampus
  3. Dentate gyrus
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8
Q

What are the 6 layers of the neocortex

A
  1. Molecular layer
  2. External granular layer
  3. External pyramidal
  4. Internal granular
  5. Internal pyramidal
  6. Multiform
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9
Q

Features of the molecular layer

A

Most superficial layer, it contains horizontal axons, Golgi II cels and terminal dendritic processes.

Receives diffuse afferent fibers from the lower brain to control excitability

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10
Q

Features of the external granular layer

A

Contains closely packed granule cells. This region is poorly myelinated

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11
Q

Features of the external pyramidal layer

A

Contains pyramidal neurons, granule cells and Martinotti cells.

Commissural fibers which connect the two hemispheres and ipsilateral cortico-cortico association fibers lie within this region.

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12
Q

Features of the internal granular layer

A

Contains closely packed stellate cells.

This region is enlarged in the sensory cortex.

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13
Q

What is the external band of Baillarger

A

It is a dense horizontal myelinated plexus found in the internal granular layer

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14
Q

Features of the internal pyramidal layer.

A

Contains the largest cells - Betz cells.
It also contains pyramidal neurons, granule cells and Martinotti cells.

The main efferents from this region go to the brain stem and the spinal cord.

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15
Q

Internal band of Baillarger

A

Dense myelinated plexus which lies within the internal pyramidal layer

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16
Q

The internal pyramidal layer is enlarged in which cortex

A

The motor cortex

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17
Q

The internal granular layer is enlarged in which cortex

A

The sensory cortex

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18
Q

Features of the multiform cortex

A

It contains spindle-shaped cells.

Projects efferent fibers to the thalamus.

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19
Q

Brodman area 1,2,3:

A

Functional area: Primary somatosensory cortex
Location: Postcentral gyrus

Function: Touch

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20
Q

Brodman area 4

A

Functional area: Primary motor cortex
Location: Precentral gyrus

Function: Voluntary motor control

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21
Q

Brodman area 5

A

Functional area: Tertiary somatosensory cortex and posterior parietal association
Location: Superior parietal lobule

Function: Stereogenesis

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22
Q

Brodman area 6

A

Functional area: SMA, supplementary eye field, premotor adjacent cortex
Location: Premotor cortex and rostral adjacent cortex

Function: Limb and eye movement planning

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23
Q

Brodman area 7

A

Functional area: Posterior parietal association
Location: SPL

Function: Visuomotor control, perception

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24
Q

Brodman area 8

A

Functional area: Frontal eye fields
Location:Superior and middle frontal gyri and the medial frontal lobe

Function: Visuomotor control, perception, saccadic eye movements.

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25
Q

Brodman area 9,10,11,12

A

Functional area: Prefrontal association cortex,
Location: Superior and middle frontal gyri.

Function. Thought and cognition

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26
Q

Brodman areas 13,14,15,16

A

Functional area: Frontal eye fields
Location: Medial frontal lobe. Insular cortex.

Function: Movement planning

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27
Q

Brodman area 17

A

Functional area: Primary visual cortex

Location: Banks of the calcarine fissure

Function: Vision

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28
Q

Brodman area 18

A

Functional area: Secondary visual cortex
Location: Medial and lateral occipital gyri

Function: Vision and depth

29
Q

Brodman area 19

A

Functional area: Temporal visual area
Location: Occipital gyri

Function: Depth

30
Q

Brodman area 20

A

Functional area: Visual inferotemporal area
Location: inferior temporal gyrus

Function: Form vision

31
Q

Brodman area 21

A

Functional area: Visual inferotemporal area
Location: Middle temporal gyrus

Function: Form vision

32
Q

Brodman area 22

A

Functional area: Higher order auditory cortex
Location: Superior temporal gyrus

Function: Hearing and speech

33
Q

Brodman area 23,24,25,26,27

A

Functional area: Limbic association cortex
Location: Cingulate gyrus, subcallosal area, retrosplenial area, parahippocampal gyrus

Function: Emotions

34
Q

Brodman area 28

A

Functional area: Primary olfactory cortex and the limbic association cortex
Location: Parahippocampal gyrus

Function: Smell and emotions

35
Q

Brodman area 29,30,31,32,33

A

Functional area: Limbic association cortex.
Location: Cingulate gyrus

Function: Emotions

36
Q

Brodman area 34, 35, 36

A

Functional area: Primary olfactory cortex, limbic association cortex
Location: Parahippocampal gryus

Function: Smell, emotions

37
Q

Brodman area 37

A

Functional area: Parietal-temporal-occipital association cortex. Middle temporal visual area.
Location: Middle and inferior temporal gyri at the temporo-occipital junction

Function: Perception, vision, reading and speech

38
Q

Brodman area 38

A

Functional area: Primary olfactory cortex, limbic association cortex
Location: Temporal pole

Function: Smell and emotion

39
Q

Brodman area 39

A

Functional area: Parieto-temporal-occipital association cortex.
Location: Inferior parietal lobule/angular gyrus

Function: Perception, vision, reading and speech

40
Q

Brodman area 40

A

Functional area: Parieto-temporal-occipital association cortex
Location: Inferior parietal lobule/supramarginal gyrus

Function: Perception, vision, reading and speech

41
Q

Brodman area 41

A

Functional area: Primary auditory cortex
Location: Heschl’s gyri and the superior temporal gyrus

Function: Hearing

42
Q

Brodman area 42

A

Functional area: Secondary auditory cortex.
Location: Heschl’s gyri and the superior temporal gyrus

Function: Hearing

43
Q

Brodman area 43

A

Functional area: Gustatory cortex
Location: Insular cortex and the fronto-parietal operculum

Function: Taste

44
Q

Brodman area 44

A

Functional area: Broca’s area, lateral premotor cortex
Location: Inferior frontal gyrus/frontal operculum

Function: Speech, movement planning

45
Q

Brodman area 45

A

Functional area: Prefrontal association cortex
Location: Inferior frontal gyrus, frontal operculum

Function: Thought, cognition, planning and behavior

46
Q

Brodman area 46

A

Functional area: Prefrontal association cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Location: Middle frontal gyrus

Function: Thought, cognition, planning, behavior, eye movement

47
Q

Brodman area 47

A

Functional area: Prefrontal association cortex
Location: Inferior frontal gyrus

Function: Thought, cognition, planning and behavior.

48
Q

What are the main sensory cortical areas?

A
  1. Somatosensory area - 1,2,3
  2. Visual area - 17
  3. Auditory area - 41
  4. Gustatory area - 43
  5. Olfactory area
49
Q

Features of the primary somatosensory area - Brodmann 1,2,3

A

It is located in the post-central gyrus
Receives input from muscle spindles (3a), cutaneous (3b), deep joint receptors (2).
These receptors send afferent signals via the medial lemniscus/spinothalamic tract and are relayed to the primary somatosensory cortex via the VPLc and VPM.

Face and tongue have bilateral representation.

50
Q

Features of the secondary somatosensory area

A

It is located on the superior bank of the lateral sulcus. Where it receives input from the primary somatosensory cortex bilaterally and the ipsilateral VPLc and VPM.
It sends information to the ipsilateral S1 and motor cortex

51
Q

Features of the somatosensory association area - Brodmann 5,7

A

Located in the superior parietal lobule.

It integrates sensory data; lesions here cause tactile agnosias or astereognosis.

52
Q

Features of the primary visual cortex

A

Located in the banks of the calcarine sulcus extending around the occipital pole. The macula is the posterior 1/3 of the calcarine cortex/occipital pole.
Receives its input from the LGB via the geniculocalcarine fibers. Sends its output to the superior colliculus and LGB via the internal sagittal stratum and corticofugal fibers.

53
Q

Features of the secondary visual cortex - Brodman areas 18 and 19

A

Input LGB and pulvinar. Lesions here cause visual agnosia.

54
Q

Features of the primary auditory cortex - Brodman area 41

A

Located in the transverse gyri of Heschl in the superior temporal gyrus. Receives its input from the MGB which is tonotopically organized ventrally. The cortex itself contains isofrequency cell columns. Lesions here will cause bilateral partial deafness but more to the contralateral side as the cochlea project bilaterally but more to the contralateral side.

55
Q

The only auditory commissure needed for sound localization is the……

A

Trapezoid body.

56
Q

Features of the gustatory area - Brodman 43

A

It is located in the post-central operculum. It receives input from the ipsilateral nucleus solitarius via the VPMpc

57
Q

Where is the vestibular cortex located

A

The inferior parietal lobule.

58
Q

What are the main motor cortical areas

A
  1. Primary motor - 4
  2. Premotor - 6a
  3. Supplemental motor area - 6a
  4. Frontal eye fields - 8
59
Q

Features of the primary motor cortex - 4

A

It is located in the precentral cortex and is involved in voluntary motor control. Characterized by the heavy presence of Betz cells. Output includes corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers. These outputs project unilaterally with the exception of those for the eye, tongue and face.

60
Q

Features of the pre-motor cortex - 6a

A

Located on the lateral aspect of the cortex anterior to area 4 and is involved in voluntary motor control for responses dependent on sensory input.
Receives input from cortical, VL and VA thalamic nuclei.

Lesions here cause no discernible deficit.

61
Q

Features of the supplemental motor cortex - 6a

A

Involved in programming, planning and the initiation of motor movements. It is located on the medial aspect of the hemisphere anterior to area 4 - medial SFG. Has bilateral input and sends output to the ipsilateral area 4, 6, 5, 7, spinal cord, basal ganglia and thalamus,

62
Q

Features of the frontal eye fields - Brodman 8

A

Lies rostral to the premotor area - caudal MFG. Initiates saccadic eye movements - stimulation causes contralateral eye deviation.
Output to the rostral interstitial nucleus of the MLF, interstitial nucleus of Cajal, paramedian pontine reticular formation and superior colliculus.

Lesions here - impaired saccadic eye movements.

63
Q

Which area of S1 does not project to the motor cortex

A

Area 3

64
Q

The motor cortex has reciprocal fibers with the entire thalamus with the exception of the…..

A

Thalamic reticular nulcei. The thalamic reticular nuclei receives afferent fibers from the entire cortex but does not send them back.

65
Q

Which part of the cerebellum projects to the M1

A

Contralateral cerebellum.

66
Q

Handedness may be determined by what hormone during brain development

A

Testosterone

67
Q

Lesions in the dominant angular and supramarginal gyrus cause what syndrome?

A

Gerstmann’s syndrome: Right/left dissociation, finger agnosia, acalculia, agraphia and failure to appreciate hemiparesis.

68
Q

Where is the motor strip usually located in relation to the coronal suture?

A

It is usually 4-5cm behind the coronal suture

Review Cards for NSGY Self Assesment (14 decks)

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