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Animal disease 2 > SA GI disease > Flashcards

SA GI disease Flashcards

1
Q

Types of GI disease

A

Functional disorders
Increased motility
Decreased motility
Altered digestion
Altered absorption
Congenital or acquired
Noninflammatory
Enzymatic, intestinal accidents
Inflammatory
Infectious and non infectious

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2
Q

History needed for GI disease

A

Identify the complaint
Pain, vomiting, diarrhea, no BM…
Has there been a change in appetite
Change in bowel movement
Colour, frequency, volume, change over time
Vomiting or regurgitation

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3
Q

What do you need to identify for vomit

A

When did it start
Frequency
Amount (volume)
Contents
Consistency
Patterns (triggers, times)
Any known disease, toxicity, dietary indiscretion

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4
Q

Regurgitation characterisitcs

A

Passive
Esophageal
No prodromal signs
NEVER includes bile

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5
Q

Characteristics of vomit

A

Active (peristalsis)
Stomach, proximal intestine
Prodromal signs
MAY include bile

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6
Q

Canine papillomas are

A

Common
Caused by K9 papilloma virus
Benign ‘wart-like” growths
Easily transmissible

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7
Q

What are canine papillomas and where are they often

A

Epithelial and mucosal epithelial cells
Cells replicate uncontrollably
Mouth >eyelids> prepuce and vulva

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8
Q

C/S and treatment of canine papillomas

A

Healthy host is usually asymptomatic
Clinical cases are due to immune suppression
Treat underlying condition (if applicable)
Usually self-limiting- 1-5 months
Surgical removal
Autologous vaccine
Azithromycin

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9
Q

Esophagitis is and what causes it

A

Inflammation of the esophagus
Many causes including foreign body, trauma, heat, chemical, chronic vomiting, gastroesophageal reflux, tetracycline antibiotics
Gastroesophageal reflux
Iatrogenic- most common

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10
Q

CS of esophagitis

A

Inappatence to anorexia- because it hurts
Weight loss
Regurgitation

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11
Q

Treatment of esophagitis

A

Supportive care
Maintenance nutrition and hydration
Decrease inflammation
Remove cause of irritation (ex. Foreign body)
Assisted (forced) feeding
Nasogastric tube
Esophageal tube
Gastric tube

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12
Q

E tube feeding is

A

Esophageal feeding tube
Soft feeding tube is surgically placed in the cervical esophagus. Food and water can be injected into the stomach via the e tube

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13
Q

G tube feeding is

A

Gastric tube
Surgically placed through the abdominal wall, directly into the stomach
G-tubes can stay in indefinitely

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14
Q

esophageal structures is

A

Narrowing of the esophagus
Often scar tissue due to prior trauma (from choke or esophagitis)

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15
Q

Clinical signs of esophageal stricture

A

Anorexia
Weight loss
Depression
Multiple attempts to swallow
Regurgitation
Respiratory signs - due to aspiration

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16
Q

Diagnosis of esophageal stricture

A

is with barium
Complications
Aspiration pneumonia
Megaesophagus

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17
Q

Megaesophagus is

A

Esophagus is permanently stretched
Whole or part

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18
Q

Megaesophagus is caused by

A

Idiopathic
Congenital anomalies (PRAA)
Primary condition: hypothyroidism, myasthenia gravis
Primary stricture

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19
Q

CS of magaesophagus

A

Malnutrition- regurgitation, inappetence
Respiratory signs due to aspiration pneumonia
Due to regurgitation
Very high barium risk
Very high GA risk
Will usually cause death at a young age

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20
Q

How to manage magaesophagus

A

Need to sit up will eaten in what is called a bailey chair
This will allow the food to go through the esophagus without getting stuck
Have them sit 15 minutes after eating
Small frequent meals

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21
Q

Signalment of GDV

A

Great dane; other large to giant, deep chested breeds
Large meals followed by intense exercise
Sudden ADR with bloat

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22
Q

Results of GDV

A

Loss of blood flow to stomach→ rapid tissue necrosis→ toxemia/perforation
Dilated stomach pushes against vena cava→ decrease blood flow to heart via vena cava→ shock
Pushes against lungs so they can’t expand
EMERGENCY

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23
Q

Presenting complaint of GDV

A

Bloated, enlarged
Regurgitation
ADR, recumbent, collapsed
(Evenings)

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24
Q

Treatment of GDV

A

Asses
Start shock treatment if required
Deflate stomach with gastric tube if possible
Can also do a trochanter like in cattle, use a 16G needle
Blood collection for CBC, serum chemistry, blood gas
Surgical untwist and replacement
Can get PCV post op
Prognosis is guarded
Risk of recurrence without a gastropexy is 90%

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25
Q

Gastropexy is

A

Stomach is fixed in place to abdominal wall
Reduced risk of volvulus
Preventative
At time of spay/neuter

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26
Q

Gastrointestinal foreign bodies (GI FB) is common in

A

Common in dogs and cats
History of getting into “stuff”
Younger animals

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27
Q

4 factors are important with GI FB

A

Shape of the object
What it is made of
Where it is stuck
time/duration it has been stuck

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28
Q

FB In the stomach

A

Best surgical prognosis
Gastrotomy
May digest with time, endoscopic retrieval, vomit on own
Common see intermittent vomiting

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29
Q

When are FB a concern in the stomach

A

Sharp
Toxic
Blocks pyloric sphincter or moves out of the stomach and causes an obstruction in the SI

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30
Q

SI foreign body is and concerning when

A

Intraluminal = something stuck inside
Concerns
Intraluminal FB can push against the intestinal wall and block off blood flow
Trauma injury/perforation if sharp
Surgical outcome is good if there is no perforation or necrosis

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31
Q

Treatment for SI FB

A

If healthy…enterotomy
If damaged….. Intestinal resection and anastomosis
reduction= cut out
anastomosis= reconnect

32
Q

Linear FB is and common in

A

Common in cats with string
Pulled the SI taunt

33
Q

Large intestinal FB

A

If it has made it this far, the animal will likely be able to pass it on its own
If obstructed, guarded to poor prognosis
Because poor blood supply to colon
Poor healing
Rapid necrosis

34
Q

Why is time important for FB

A

Prognosis declines significantly once clinical signs appear
Usually a sign that gut is compromised
Necrotic tissue release toxins
Bacteremia
Septic shock
For better prognosis
Treat cats within 36 hours of cs
Treat dogs within 72 hours of cs

35
Q

Diagnosis of FB

A

History and PE
Imaging
Radiographs +/- contrast medium
Ultrasound

36
Q

Signs of an emergency with a FB

A

Severe dehydration
Acute abdomen (Fast and really painful abdomen)
Fever
Lethargy
Severe frequent vomit
Blood in vomit or blood in diarrhea
Pale or injected MM
Low temp

37
Q

To vomit or not for FB? why?

A

NEVER induce vomiting with a foreign body
Complications?
Trauma due to increased peristalsis
Perforated with liner FB
Esophagitis

38
Q

Intestinal anastomosis is

A

Attaching two sections of intestine

39
Q

History for diarrhea

A

Colour and consistency
Volume
When did it start
Frequency
Straining
Can they hold it or is it explosive
Other GI signs, energy level
Dietary indiscretion, food change
Hx of vaccines and deworming

40
Q

Causes of diarrhoea

A

Acute diarrhea
Dietary indiscretion
Drug reactions
Parasitic infection
Viral infection
Inflammatory bowel disease, food intolerance, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, neoplasia, Addisions disease
Adverse drug reaction
Antibiotics
NSAIDs
Steroids
Chemical irritation

41
Q

Bacterial diarrhea

A

Clostridium perfringens spores in a fecal smear
E.coli
Salmonella

42
Q

Common viral causes of diarrhoea in dogs

A

Parvovirus
Coronavirus
Distemper

43
Q

Common viral causes of diarrhea in cats

A

Panleukopenia virus
Coronavirus

44
Q

Treating acute diarrhea in adult dogs

A

Supportive care
Fluids- maintain/correct hydration
Bland diet
Some vets fast 24 hours in CERTAIN CASES
Slow re-introduction of bland diet
Increasing amounts over 4-7 days
Gradual reintroduction of regular diet
Probiotics
GI protectants and absorbents
Treat primary condition
Anti Parasiticides, stop drug, antibiotics (maybe)

45
Q

Parvo is

A

Canine parvovirus infection
All canids
Summer
Endemic in SK

46
Q

Transmission of parvo

A

Fecal-oral transmission
Can have vertica route
Stays in the environment; very hard to kill
Non-enveloped virus
heat/cold/dying resistant
Resistant to many disinfectants
Requires black or hydrogen peroxide based

47
Q

Pathophysiology of parvo

A

Damages intestinal epithelial cells
Malabsorptive diarrhea (nutrient and water loss)
Hemorrhage
Breakdown of intestinal barrier
Bacteria enter blood stream
Infects immune cells
Immunosuppression
Cant fight off bacteremia

48
Q

Alerts for parvo

A

signalment/history
8w-6mo
Unvaccinated, vaccinated owner, has not completed puppy series
Rescue, stray
Black and tan breeds; german shepherd, rottweiler
Complaint
Diarrhea
With or without blood
Vomit
With or without blood
Maybe lethargy
KEEP IN CAR UNTIL VET SAYS OTHERWISE!

49
Q

Disease course for parvo

A

Day 0- fecal oral transmission
Day 0-7 -incubation period (no clinical signs; can shed)
Day 4-10 - prodromal period (lethargy, fever, anorexia)
Day 7-14- clinical signs
Vomit diarrhea
+/- presence of blood
Lethargic, fever, dehydration
Outcome depends on if treated or not
If animal recovers- will shed virus for about 14 days after all clinical signs resolve

50
Q

Prognosis with parvo

A

Puppies
Highly fatal
Adults and fully vaccinated puppies
Mild diarrhoea
Depends on
Age
Vaccine status
Degree of dehydration
Clinical severity
And if treated or not

51
Q

How to diagnose parvo

A

Idexx Parvo SNAP test
Test is on feces
Test in car
Will have two blue dots when positive
A positive control blue dot in the top middle
A darker blue dot in the middle left
Can get a faint positive if recently vaccinated

52
Q

Why do parvo puppies need to be isolated

A

Highly transmissible
Can be deadly to any other puppies in the clinic
Very hard to get rid of
Can’t fight anything else off

53
Q

Treating parvo

A

Isolation
IV fluids
Antibiotics
Antiemetics
Introduce a bland, easily digestible diet as soon as possible
Additional supportive care as required

54
Q

Prevention of parvo

A

Vaccinate!
Colostrum
Deworming
Decrease transmission
Isolate recovered dogs for 2 weeks
Restrict movement of unvaccinated puppies

55
Q

Causes of constipation

A

Dehydration (chronic renal disease)
Genetic defect in intestinal smooth muscle
Diet- sand, lack or fibre, bone, hair
Nerve damage

56
Q

Megacolon is

A

Secondary to chronic constipation
Due to a genetic smooth muscle defect

57
Q

Medical management of constipation and megacolon

A

Optimal hydration
Enemas
Increase dietary fiber
Laxatives
Prescription medications to increase motility
Cisapride

58
Q

Peritonitis is

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum and the abdominal cavity
Indicates an abdominal problem- many disease processes can cause peritonitis
Need to monitor for peritonitis in patients that are recovering from abdominal surgery
Prognosis is always poor

59
Q

Recognizing peritonitis

A

Lack of (or decreased) GI sounds
Inflammatory fluid in abdomen
Swollen abdomen
Leaking/wet incision
Fever or signs of shock

60
Q

There are two forms of feline coronavirus

A

Wild type
Mutated virus (feline infectious peritonitis virus)

61
Q

Feline corona enteritis

A

Wild type virus
High prevalence
Subclinical to diarrhea
Can recover with supportive care
Easily spread by saliva, urine, feces, blood

62
Q

Feline infectious peritonitis

A

Rare
Mutated virus
Spontaneous mutation AFTER infection
Not transmissible
Fatal without treatment

63
Q

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) has what two forms

A

Wet
Dry

64
Q

Wet form FIP

A

Fluid in thorax and/or abdomen
Peritonitis

65
Q

Dry form FIP

A

Neurological signs
Disseminated abscesses

66
Q

Prognosis of FIP

A

Historically- no treatment options, euthanasia recommended
Things are changing
February 2024 –GS-441524 becomes legally available in Canada with an Emergency Drug Release
Efficacy of treatment is >80%
7-10 days to apply for EDR and acquire medication
Treatment period of about 12 weeks
Injectable and oral formulations available

67
Q

Umbilical hernia

A

Muscle wall defect
Genetics
Infection
Tearing of umbilicus too close to the body wall
Non reducible hernia (falciform fat hernia)

68
Q

Degenerative liver disease is and caused by

A

Age-related
Natural wear and tear causes damage
Related to detoxification function
Always be aware of potential liver disease in seniors
Decreased drug metabolism
Higher anaesthetic risk

69
Q

Hepatic lipidosis (fatty liver disease in cats)

A

Obese cats
Decreased ability to break down fat

70
Q

Hepatic lipidosis pathophysiology

A

The cat stops eating
Fat metabolism begins
Fat is brought to liver faster then liver can break it down
Fat accumulates in hepatocytes
Decreased hepatocyte function

71
Q

Clinical signs of fatty liver

A

Early stages may go unnoticed by owner, especially in a multi cat household
Anorexia
Vomiting
Lethargy
Weight loss
Dehydration
Jaundice
Seizures

72
Q

Treatment of fatty liver

A

E-tube, G-tube
Slow reintroduction of food
Enough to prevent more fat metabolism
Not enough that he fat in the liver us used up
Watch out for REFEEDING SYNDROME
Too much or too fast
Hypophosphatemia
Generalized muscle weakness (including heart)
Often fatal

73
Q

Acute abdomen is

A

SEVERE! ACUTE! PAIN! Abdomen

74
Q

Pancreatitis is caused by what in dogs

A

Dogs: leakage of digestive enzymes→ pancreas begins to digest itself

75
Q

Pancreatitis is caused by what in cats

A

Cats: there is often an infectious component

76
Q

Signs of pancreatitis

A

Vomiting and acute abdomen
Keep cats eating, dogs can fast

77
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of pancreatitis

A

History
PE findings- painful abdomen
Treatment
Aggressive fluid therapy
Analgesia
Antiemetics
Low fat diet (dogs)

Animal disease 2 (6 decks)

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